Ecosystem functions provided by forests are threatened by direct and indirect effects of global change drivers such as climate warming land‐use change, biological invasions, and shifting natural disturbance regimes. To develop resilience‐based forest management, new tools and methods are needed to quantitatively estimate forest resilience to management and future natural disturbances. We propose a multidimensional evaluation of ecological resilience based on species functional response traits (e.g., functional response diversity and functional redundancy) and network properties of forested patches (e.g., connectivity, modularity, and centrality). Using a fragmented rural landscape in temperate south‐eastern Canada as a reference landscape, we apply our multidimensional approach to evaluate two alternative management strategies at three levels of intensity: (1) functional enrichment of current forest patches and (2) multi‐species plantations in previously non‐forested patches. Within each management strategy, planted species are selected to maximize functional diversity, drought tolerance, or pest resistance. We further compare how ecological resilience under these alternative management strategies responds to three simulated disturbances: drought, pest outbreak, and timber harvesting. We found that both management strategies enhance resilience at the landscape scale by increasing functional response diversity and connectivity. Specifically, when the less functionally diverse patches are prioritized for management, functional enrichment is more effective than the establishment of new multi‐species plantations in increasing resilience. In addition, randomly allocated multi‐species plantations increased connectivity more than those allocated in riparian areas. Our results show that across various management strategies, planting species to enhance biodiversity led to the highest increase in functional response diversity while planting pest‐resistant species led to the highest increase in landscape connectivity. Planting biodiversity‐enhancing species (i.e., species that maximize functional diversity) mitigated drought effects equally well as planting with drought‐tolerant species. Our multidimensional approach facilitates the characterization at the landscape scale of forest resilience to disturbances using both functional diversity and network properties while accounting for the importance of response traits to future disturbances. The simulation approach we used can be applied to forest landscapes across different biomes for the evaluation and comparison of forest management initiatives to enhance resilience.

中文翻译：

---

使用功能响应特征和网络属性评估森林对全球威胁的适应力。

森林提供的生态系统功能受到全球变化驱动因素的直接和间接影响，例如气候变暖的土地利用变化，生物入侵和不断变化的自然干扰制度。为了发展基于复原力的森林管理，需要新的工具和方法来定量估计森林对管理和未来自然干扰的复原力。我们提出了基于物种功能响应特征（例如，功能响应多样性和功能冗余）和森林斑块的网络特性（例如，连通性，模块化和集中性）的生态抗灾力的多维评估。以加拿大东南部温带地区的零散乡村景观作为参考景观，我们采用多维方法在三个强度级别上评估两种替代管理策略：（1）当前森林斑块的功能富集和（2）先前未森林斑块的多物种人工林。在每种管理策略中，都选择种植物种以最大程度地发挥功能多样性，耐旱性或抗虫性。我们进一步比较了这些替代管理策略下的生态适应力如何响应三种模拟干扰：干旱，病虫害暴发和木材采伐。我们发现，两种管理策略都通过增加功能响应的多样性和连通性来增强景观范围的弹性。具体来说，当优先考虑功能较少的补丁进行管理时，在增强复原力方面，功能性培养比建立新的多物种人工林更有效。此外，随机分配的多物种种植园比沿海地区分配的种植园增加了连通性。我们的结果表明，在各种管理策略中，种植增强生物多样性的物种导致功能响应多样性的最大增长，而种植抗虫物种导致景观连通性的增长最大。种植增强生物多样性的物种（即使功能多样性最大化的物种）与种植耐旱物种同样能减轻干旱影响。我们的多维方法有助于利用功能多样性和网络特性在景观尺度上表征森林对干扰的适应力，同时考虑响应特征对未来干扰的重要性。我们使用的模拟方法可以应用于跨不同生物群落的森林景观，以评估和比较森林管理计划，以增强适应力。