Abstract Online optimal control of energy systems plays a significant role in achieving the zero/low energy goal and high energy efficiency for zero/low energy buildings. Increasing amount of studies are conducted on the multi-objective optimal control of building energy systems in recent years since multiple objectives are often concerned in practice. The weighted sum method is widely used to solve the multi-objective optimization problems for online optimal controls. However, it is often difficult and even impractical to determine proper weights for objectives of different natures. Existing studies on online optimal control of energy systems in zero/low energy buildings focused on the predictive scheduling, and very few studies addressed the real-time optimal control aspect which is also essential in operation. In this study, a coordinated online multi-objective control strategy, consisting of two control optimization schemes, is therefore proposed for predictive scheduling and real-time optimal control of energy systems in zero/low energy buildings. A cooperative game theory-based method is adopted for the online multi-objective optimizations. The control strategy was tested and evaluated via simulation of the energy systems in a zero energy building with battery storage on two typical days. Control variables and weights of objectives were optimized to minimize the combined optimization objective involving energy cost and grid impact. The test results show that it is essential and beneficial to coordinate the predictive scheduling and real-time optimal control in actual operation. The cooperative game theory-based method is effective for the online multi-objective optimization without the need of setting weights of different objectives.

中文翻译：

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基于模型的多目标预测调度和使用博弈论方法的零/低能耗建筑能源系统的实时优化控制

摘要 能源系统在线优化控制对于实现零/低能耗建筑的零/低能耗目标和高能效具有重要意义。由于在实践中往往涉及多个目标，因此近年来对建筑能源系统的多目标优化控制的研究越来越多。加权求和法被广泛用于求解在线最优控制的多目标优化问题。然而，为不同性质的目标确定适当的权重通常是困难的，甚至是不切实际的。现有关于零/低能耗建筑能源系统在线优化控制的研究集中在预测调度上，很少有研究涉及实时优化控制方面，这在运行中也是必不可少的。在这项研究中，因此，提出了一种由两个控制优化方案组成的协调在线多目标控制策略，用于零/低能耗建筑能源系统的预测调度和实时优化控制。采用基于合作博弈论的方法进行在线多目标优化。通过在典型的两天内对具有电池存储的零能耗建筑中的能源系统进行模拟来测试和评估控制策略。优化控制变量和目标权重以最小化涉及能源成本和电网影响的组合优化目标。试验结果表明，在实际运行中协调预测调度和实时优化控制是必要和有益的。