Over the past century, the world’s population has increased greatly. The growth in the population has increased the global food demand, so the food sector has increased its production. As a result of the increased production and consumption, a huge amount of agro-food waste is being generated yearly. Rice husk, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, corn husk, peanut shell, eggshell, are just a few examples of agro-food wastes. As these agro-food wastes and their by-products are left unused and unattended, their amount is increasing globally. It is imperative to find ways to put these wastes to environmentally viable use. These wastes find direct uses in biofertilizers, mud houses, animal feed, biofuel, and heat generation in small-scale industries, etc. After heat generation, ashes are considered as a secondary by-product, which can be used as a sustainable and renewable resource for synthesizing value-added products for various applications. This article presents a review of the traditional and advanced methods of utilizing these wastes in household applications, animal feed, fertilizers, fuel generation, pyrolysis, and for the removal of toxic metals from polluted water. These secondary resources can also be used in construction materials and for the synthesis of glasses and glass–ceramics, which can be used in bioengineering, optical, and dielectric materials. Agrofood wastes can be used as resource materials to develop modern materials with better properties instead of using minerals. This not only reduces the environmentand management-related problem of the wastes but also provides a sustainable alternative way to produce cost-effective value-added materials for the benefit of society. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

中文翻译：

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生物质作为增值现代材料的可持续资源：综述

在过去的一个世纪里，世界人口大幅增加。人口增长增加了全球粮食需求，因此粮食部门增加了产量。由于生产和消费的增加，每年都会产生大量的农业食品废物。稻壳、麦秆、甘蔗渣、玉米壳、花生壳、蛋壳只是农业食品废物的几个例子。由于这些农业食品废物及其副产品未被使用和无人看管，其数量在全球范围内不断增加。必须找到方法将这些废物用于环境上可行的用途。这些废物可直接用于生物肥料、泥屋、动物饲料、生物燃料和小规模工业的发热等。发热后，灰烬被视为二次副产品，可用作可持续和可再生资源，用于合成各种应用的增值产品。本文综述了将这些废物用于家庭应用、动物饲料、肥料、燃料生产、热解以及从污染水中去除有毒金属的传统和先进方法。这些二次资源还可用于建筑材料和玻璃和玻璃陶瓷的合成，可用于生物工程、光学和介电材料。农业食品废物可用作资源材料，以开发具有更好性能的现代材料，而不是使用矿物。这不仅减少了废物的环境和管理相关问题，而且还提供了一种可持续的替代方法来生产具有成本效益的增值材料以造福社会。© 2020 化学工业协会和 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd