The differences between a biorefinery and an oil refinery are determined by the higher oxygen content of the biorefinery's biomass, its high degree of functionalization, its low thermal stability, its polar components, which are mostly acidic, its highly heterogeneous structure, and its quality variation as result of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. Levulinic acid (LA) is one of the main high value‐added chemicals that can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass as raw material. The main challenges for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to levulinic acid are related to the improvement of the technologies to obtain a pure and cost‐competitive product, the design and use of efficient heterogeneous catalysts, and the improvements in the selectivity and useful life of the catalyst. This is an up‐to‐date review of the state of knowledge about the heterogeneous catalytic conversion of biomass into LA, addressing the technical hurdles that impede the attainment of high yields. This work outlines the chemistry of LA synthesis and discusses in detail the influence of the lignocellulosic raw material, reaction time, temperature, solvent according to the chemical pathway, and efficiency of the chosen Lewis and Brønsted solid acid catalysts. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

中文翻译：

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通过非均相催化过程将生物质多糖转化为乙酰丙酸的挑战

生物炼油厂和炼油厂之间的差异取决于生物炼油厂生物质中较高的氧含量，其功能化程度高，热稳定性低，极性组分（主要是酸性），高度异质结构及其质量差异由于基因型和表型特征。左旋丙酸（LA）是木质纤维素生物质能生产的主要高附加值化学品之一。木质纤维素生物质转化为乙酰丙酸的主要挑战涉及改进获得纯净且具有成本竞争力的产品的技术，高效多相催化剂的设计和使用以及催化剂选择性和使用寿命的改进。催化剂。这是对生物质多相催化转化为洛杉矶的知识状态的最新综述，解决了阻碍实现高产的技术障碍。这项工作概述了LA合成的化学过程，并详细讨论了木质纤维素原料，反应时间，温度，溶剂的影响（根据化学途径以及所选的Lewis和Brønsted固体酸催化剂的效率）的影响。©2019年化学工业协会和John Wiley＆Sons，Ltd. 根据化学途径选择溶剂，以及选择的Lewis和Brønsted固体酸催化剂的效率。©2019年化学工业协会和John Wiley＆Sons，Ltd. 根据化学途径选择溶剂，以及选择的Lewis和Brønsted固体酸催化剂的效率。©2019年化学工业协会和John Wiley＆Sons，Ltd.