With ever increasing penetration of inverter-interfaced generators and consequent reduction in available inertial reserve, traditional allowable delay in the provision of the primary frequency reserve will threaten the security of the future grids. However, droop control with fast-enough inertia-less generators can limit the post-contingency frequency excursion. To conform with the fast-enough reserve provision requirement in a reduced and varying-inertia system, an economical clearing of the reserve requires an allowable delay heuristic corresponding to the desired system frequency excursion characteristic; while alleviating the causality dilemma introduced by the unavailability of maximum delay heuristic itself before clearing. The proposed heuristic establishes a relationship among the system parameters, such as the aggregated system inertia, regulation factor, system frequency, desired frequency response, and allowable delay margin. The Padé approximation technique is utilized for deriving the transfer function of such a system, allowing calculation of the allowable delay with various damping ratios corresponding to the dominant poles. The impact of different Padé order on the determined heuristic is analyzed. The regulation factor of the generators is calculated based on the reserve bid volume to ensure proportional injection during contingencies. The impacts of regulation factor and associated delay on the frequency response are also studied.

中文翻译：

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未来电力系统一次备用频率提供中的容许延迟启发式

随着逆变器接口发电机普及率的不断提高以及随之而来的可用惯性储备的减少，提供主频率储备的传统允许延迟将威胁到未来电网的安全。但是，使用足够快的无惯性发电机进行下垂控制可以限制发生意外后的频率偏移。为了在减少和变化惯量的系统中满足足够快的储备供应要求，储备的经济清除需要与所需系统频率偏移特性相对应的可允许延迟启发式；同时缓解了在清除之前最大延迟启发式本身不可用所引入的因果关系困境。提议的启发式建立系统参数之间的关系，例如聚合系统惯性，调节因子、系统频率、所需的频率响应和允许的延迟裕度。Padé 近似技术用于推导此类系统的传递函数，允许计算具有对应于主导极点的各种阻尼比的允许延迟。分析了不同 Padé 阶数对确定的启发式的影响。发电机的调节系数是根据备用投标量计算的，以确保在紧急情况下按比例注入。还研究了调节因子和相关延迟对频率响应的影响。允许计算与主要极点对应的各种阻尼比的允许延迟。分析了不同 Padé 阶数对确定的启发式的影响。发电机的调节系数是根据备用投标量计算的，以确保在紧急情况下按比例注入。还研究了调节因子和相关延迟对频率响应的影响。允许计算与主要极点对应的各种阻尼比的允许延迟。分析了不同 Padé 阶数对确定的启发式的影响。发电机的调节系数是根据备用投标量计算的，以确保在紧急情况下按比例注入。还研究了调节因子和相关延迟对频率响应的影响。