Abstract A macroscale finite element (FE) model was developed to simulate the forming behaviour of biaxial fabrics, incorporating the effects of bending stiffness to predict fabric wrinkling. The dependency of the bending stiffness on the fibre orientation was addressed by extending a non-orthogonal constitutive framework previously developed for biaxial fabric materials. The nonlinear bending behaviour of a biaxial non-crimp fabric (NCF) with pillar stitches was characterised by a revised cantilever test using structured light scanning to measure specimen curvature, providing input data for the material model. Simulations were performed to replicate the bias-extension behaviour of the NCF material, showing good agreement with experimental data. Wrinkles were observed within the central area of the specimen at low extension, which consequently affect the uniformity of the shear angle distribution in the region where pure shear is expected.

中文翻译：

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一种模拟双轴向织物弯曲行为的宏观有限元方法

摘要 开发了一种宏观有限元 (FE) 模型来模拟双轴织物的成形行为，结合弯曲刚度的影响来预测织物起皱。通过扩展先前为双轴织物材料开发的非正交本构框架，解决了弯曲刚度对纤维取向的依赖性。具有柱式针迹的双轴非卷曲织物 (NCF) 的非线性弯曲行为通过使用结构光扫描来测量试样曲率的修订悬臂测试进行表征，为材料模型提供输入数据。进行了模拟以复制 NCF 材料的偏置扩展行为，显示出与实验数据的良好一致性。在试样的中心区域在低延伸处观察到皱纹，