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A multi-layered model of human skin elucidates mechanisms of wrinkling in the forehead.
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-17 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103694
Y Zhao 1 , B Feng 2 , J Lee 3 , N Lu 3 , D M Pierce 4
Affiliation  

Skin wrinkling, especially in the facial area, is a prominent sign of aging and is a growing area of research aimed at developing cosmetics and dermatological treatments. To better understand and treat undesirable skin wrinkles, it is vitally important to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of skin wrinkling, a largely mechanical process. Human skin, a multi-layer composite, has six mechanically distinct layers: from the outermost inward they are the stratum corneum, viable epidermis, dermal-epidermal-junction, papillary dermis, reticular dermis, and hypodermis. To better address the through-thickness hierarchy, and the development of wrinkling within this complicated hierarchy, we established a six-layered model of human skin realized with finite element modeling, by leveraging available morphological and biomechanical data on human skin of the forehead. Exercising our new model we aimed to quantify the effects of three potential mechanisms of wrinkle formation: (1) skin compression due to muscle contraction (dynamic wrinkles); (2) age-related volumetric tissue loss (static wrinkles); and (3) the combined effects of both mechanisms. Since hydration of the stratum corneum significantly affects its stiffness we also aimed to quantify the influence its hydration with these three potential mechanisms of wrinkle formation. Our six-layered skin model, combined with the proposed wrinkling mechanisms, successfully predicts the formation of dynamic and static wrinkles in the forehead consistent with the experimental literature. We observed three wrinkling modes in the forehead where the deepest wrinkles could reach to the reticular dermis. With further refinement our new six-layered model of human skin can be applied to study other region-specific wrinkle types such as the “crow's feet” and the nasolabial folds.



中文翻译:

人体皮肤的多层模型阐明了前额起皱的机制。

皮肤皱纹,特别是在面部区域的皱纹,是衰老的明显标志,并且是致力于开发化妆品和皮肤病学治疗方法的研究领域。为了更好地理解和治疗不良的皮肤皱纹,阐明皮肤皱纹的基本机制至关重要,这是一个主要的机械过程。人体皮肤是一种多层复合材料,具有六个机械上截然不同的层:从最外层开始,它们是角质层,活表皮,真皮-表皮交界处,乳头真皮,网状真皮和皮下组织。为了更好地解决整个厚度层次,以及在这个复杂层次中产生皱纹的问题,我们建立了一个六层的人体皮肤模型,通过有限元建模实现,通过利用额头上人类皮肤的形态学和生物力学数据。在行使新模型的过程中,我们旨在量化皱纹形成的三种潜在机制的影响:(1)由于肌肉收缩(动态皱纹)引起的皮肤压缩;(2)与年龄有关的体积组织损失(静态皱纹);(3)两种机制的综合作用。由于角质层的水合作用会显着影响其刚度,因此我们也旨在量化这三种潜在的皱纹形成机制对水合的影响。我们的六层皮肤模型,结合提出的起皱机制,成功地预测了与实验文献一致的前额动态和静态皱纹的形成。我们在额头上观察到了三种皱纹模式,其中最深的皱纹可以到达网状真皮。通过进一步完善,我们新的六层人体皮肤模型可用于研究其他特定区域的皱纹类型,例如“鱼尾纹”和鼻唇沟。

更新日期:2020-02-17
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