Abstract Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of carbohydrate (lactose), protein (lysine), and lipid (palmitic acid) surrogates was carried out in batch reactors for 20 min in a temperature range of 250–350 °C in order to understand interactions in hydrothermal reactions. A binary mixture of lysine and lactose leads to a higher bio-oil yield when compared to experiments made with isolated compounds, indicating a relevant contribution by Maillard reactions (MRs). Emulsification happens to proteins and lipids during HTL, making it difficult to separate and collect bio-oil products at low temperatures. When testing the ternary mixture, the nitrogen content of the bio-oil is negligibly affected by the changes of temperature, presenting a constant value of 5.3 wt. %. However, adding lipids dramatically changes the bio-oil composition. This is indicated by an increasing amount of fatty acid amides and a decrease in Maillard reaction products, suggesting a strong competition between amidation and MRs. A reaction scheme was proposed based on the final products and assumed reaction pathways. These findings here can contribute to a better understanding of the HTL of biomasses with complex organic compositions.

中文翻译：

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含蛋白质生物质水热液化过程中脂质对氮去向的影响

摘要 碳水化合物（乳糖）、蛋白质（赖氨酸）和脂质（棕榈酸）替代物的水热液化 (HTL) 在分批反应器中在 250–350 °C 的温度范围内进行 20 分钟，以了解水热中的相互作用。反应。与使用分离化合物进行的实验相比，赖氨酸和乳糖的二元混合物导致更高的生物油产量，表明美拉德反应 (MR) 的相关贡献。HTL期间蛋白质和脂质发生乳化，使得在低温下难以分离和收集生物油产品。在测试三元混合物时，生物油的氮含量受温度变化的影响可以忽略不计，恒定值为 5.3 wt。%。然而，添加脂质会显着改变生物油的组成。这通过脂肪酸酰胺量的增加和美拉德反应产物的减少表明，表明酰胺化和 MR 之间存在强烈竞争。基于最终产物和假设的反应途径提出了反应方案。这些发现有助于更好地了解具有复杂有机成分的生物质的 HTL。