Pyriproxyfen (PPF) is a synthetic substance and an insect juvenile hormone agonist with growth regulating effect. It is used worldwide as a pesticide in agriculture and public health campaigns, including the control of Aedes aegypti proliferation. It has low volatility, high Kow value and high lability in aerobic aquatic systems but is considered persistent in anaerobic systems, with a half-life of 288.9 days. The objective of this study is to survey the environmental contamination by pyriproxyfen in aquatic environmental matrices, to review the acute and chronic toxicity in non-target aquatic organisms and to make a risk assessment for the organisms addressed in the bibliographic survey. Pyriproxyfen quantification studies in aquatic environmental matrices are quite scarce and punctual-not representative of regional and global contamination. The water of the River Júcar (Spain) presented the highest concentration of PPF (99.59 ng L-1) among the matrices analysed, which is equivalent to 1% of the maximum dose allowed by the World Health Organization for use in drinking water. Acute and chronic aquatic toxicity studies with LC50, EC50, LOEC and NOEC values of PPF were compiled and interpreted to evaluate possible risks to non-target aquatic organisms. Pyriproxyfen caused a high risk at concentrations detected in aquatic environments for Daphnia magna, with probable reproductive effects and occasional survival risk. This species was the most sensitive to the pesticide, with the lowest estimated concentration of 50 % of effect values, followed by a freshwater fish (Xiphophorus maculatus) and estuarine crustaceans (Eurytemora affinis and Leander tenuicornis). The most resistant organisms to PPF within the endpoints addressed in this review were Danio rerio (zebrafish) and Capitella sp. (polychaete). Through the species sensitivity distribution (SSD), it was possible to estimate HC5 at 0.214 μg L-1 and that 2.3 % of the species present high sensitivity to pyriproxyfen in the environmental concentration detected in river water and 25.82 % of the species are affected in the concentration allowed for lavicidal use. In order to obtain more accurate risk estimates, we suggest ecotoxicological assessments in other species, covering various taxa, with emphasis on microcrustaceans due to their fundamental role in the aquatic food web and taxonomic proximity to pesticide target organisms. Furthermore, additional studies of contamination in aquatic environmental matrices are required, with particular attention to freshwater and estuarine environments due to the proximity to the sources of pyriproxyfen and environmental characteristics suggesting high accumulation. Thus, it will be possible to estimate realistic exposure levels and risks in different environments, contributing to effective and safe decision making, integrating development, public health and environmental policy.

中文翻译：

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非目标水生生物中吡虫草醚的环境风险评估（ERA）。

吡咯氧芬（PPF）是一种合成物质，是一种具有生长调节作用的昆虫少年激素激动剂。它在世界范围内被用作农业和公共卫生活动中的杀虫剂，包括控制埃及伊蚊的繁殖。它在需氧水生系统中具有低挥发性，高Kow值和较高的不稳定性，但在厌氧系统中被认为具有持久性，半衰期为288.9天。这项研究的目的是调查吡ip昔芬在水生环境基质中对环境的污染，审查非目标水生生物的急性和慢性毒性，并对书目调查中涉及的生物进行风险评估。在水生环境基质中进行吡rip昔芬的定量研究非常稀少，而且准时，不能代表区域和全球污染。在分析的基质中，尤卡河（西班牙）的水中PPF的浓度最高（99.59 ng L-1），相当于世界卫生组织允许在饮用水中使用的最大剂量的1％。汇编并解释了使用PPF的LC50，EC50，LOEC和NOEC值进行的急性和慢性水生毒性研究，以评估对非目标水生生物的可能风险。在水生环境中检出的水蚤中，吡rip昔芬引起了很高的风险，可能产生生殖作用，偶尔有生存风险。该物种对农药最敏感，估计的最低浓度为影响值的50％，其次是淡水鱼（Xiphophorus maculatus）和河口甲壳类动物（Eurytemora affinis和Leander tenuicornis）。在本综述中，对PPF最具抗药性的生物是雷尼昂斑马鱼（Danio rerio）（斑马鱼）和Capitella sp.。（多毛）。通过物种敏感度分布（SSD），可以估计HC5为0.214μgL-1，在河水中检测到的环境浓度中，有2.3％的物种对吡ip草酚表现出高度敏感性，而25.82％的物种受到影响。用于杀菌的浓度。为了获得更准确的风险估算，我们建议对其他物种进行生态毒理学评估，涵盖各种生物分类，重点是甲壳类动物，因为它们在水生食物网中的基本作用以及与农药目标生物的生物分类学接近性。此外，还需要进一步研究水生环境基质中的污染，由于靠近吡ip草酚的来源以及环境特征表明高积累，因此特别注意淡水和河口环境。因此，将有可能估算出不同环境中的实际暴露水平和风险，有助于做出有效和安全的决策，整合发展，公共卫生和环境政策。