Abstract Non-pheromonal insect attractants of plant and microbial origin are often classified as kairomones. They differ from moth pheromones in that they can attract both sexes of several insect species. Kairomones are nowadays the object of several studies, due to their promising properties for monitoring and selective control of agricultural pests. Here we report on field trapping experiments carried out in apple orchards to quantify the response of the two leafroller species Pandemis heparana (Denis & Schiffermuller) and Pandemis cerasana (Hubner) to potential kairomones (acetic acid (AA), 2-phenyl ethanol (2-PET), pear ester (PE) and benzyl cyanide (BC)) in apple orchards. Specimens of the two species were sexed and classified to the species level using a morphological key based on wing traits. DNA barcoding was used to validate the discrimination between the two species through the morphological key. A two-component blend of AA and 2-PET was effective in catching significant numbers of females of P. heparana and P. cerasana. The addition of PE increased male but not female catches of only P. heparana. For P. heparana blends containing AA and BC with or without PE caught significantly fewer males and females than blends with PET and the AA/BC combination was as effective as PET releasing blends in trapping P. cerasana females. Morphological identification of Pandemis by wing pattern was in agreement with the DNA barcoding in the majority of cases. Additional studies are now required to establish an economic threshold to correlate moth catches with fruit damage and to the possibility that attract and kill based on the identified kairomones can be used to reduce damage.

中文翻译：

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使用信息素、翼型形态和 DNA 条形码技术监测和鉴别苹果园中的 Pandemis 飞蛾

摘要 植物和微生物来源的非信息素昆虫引诱剂通常被归类为 kairomones。它们与蛾类信息素的不同之处在于它们可以吸引几种昆虫的两性。Kairomones 现在是多项研究的对象，因为它们具有监测和选择性控制农业害虫的有前途的特性。在这里，我们报告了在苹果园进行的田间诱捕实验，以量化两种滚叶植物 Pandemis heparana (Denis & Schiffermuller) 和 Pandemis cerasana (Hubner) 对潜在的 kairomones（乙酸 (AA)、2-苯基乙醇（2 -PET)、梨酯 (PE) 和苄基氰 (BC)) 在苹果园中。使用基于翅膀特征的形态学关键字对这两个物种的标本进行性别鉴定并分类到物种级别。DNA条形码用于通过形态学密钥验证两个物种之间的区分。AA 和 2-PET 的双组分混合物可有效捕获大量 P. heparana 和 P. cerasana 雌性。添加 PE 仅增加了 P. heparana 的雄性而非雌性捕获量。对于含有 AA 和 BC 且有或没有 PE 的 P. heparana 混合物而言，与含有 PET 的混合物相比，捕获的雄性和雌性明显更少，并且 AA/BC 组合在捕获 P. cerasana 雌性方面与 PET 释放混合物一样有效。在大多数情况下，通过翅膀图案对 Pandemis 的形态学识别与 DNA 条形码一致。