It is now widely recognized that children exposed to adverse life events in the first years of life are at increased risk for a variety of neural, behavioral, and psychological sequelae. As we discuss in this paper, adverse events represent a violation of the expectable environment. If such violations occur during a critical period of brain development, the detrimental effects of early adversity are likely to be long lasting. Here we discuss the various ways adversity becomes neurobiologically embedded, and how the timing of such adversity plays an important role in determining outcomes. We conclude our paper by offering recommendations for how to elucidate the neural mechanisms responsible for the behavioral sequelae and how best to model the effects of early adversity.

中文翻译：

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早期逆境和关键时期：违反预期环境的神经发育后果

现在人们普遍认识到，在生命最初几年经历不良生活事件的儿童出现各种神经、行为和心理后遗症的风险会增加。正如我们在本文中讨论的，不良事件代表着对预期环境的违反。如果这种侵犯行为发生在大脑发育的关键时期，那么早期逆境的有害影响可能会长期持续。在这里，我们讨论逆境在神经生物学中嵌入的各种方式，以及逆境发生的时间如何在决定结果方面发挥重要作用。我们在论文的最后提出了如何阐明导致行为后遗症的神经机制以及如何最好地模拟早期逆境影响的建议。