Optogenetics has recently gained recognition as a biological technique to control the activity of cells using light stimulation. Many studies have applied optogenetics to cell lines in the central nervous system because it has the potential to elucidate neural circuits, treat neurological diseases and promote nerve regeneration. There have been fewer studies on the application of optogenetics in the peripheral nervous system. This review introduces the basic principles and approaches of optogenetics and summarizes the physiology and mechanism of opsins and how the technology enables bidirectional control of unique cell lines with superior spatial and temporal accuracy. Further, this review explores and discusses the therapeutic potential for the development of optogenetics and its capacity to revolutionize treatment for refractory epilepsy, depression, pain, and other nervous system disorders, with a focus on neural regeneration, especially in the peripheral nervous system. Additionally, this review synthesizes the latest preclinical research on optogenetic stimulation, including studies on non-human primates, summarizes the challenges, and highlights future perspectives. The potential of optogenetic stimulation to optimize therapy for peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) is also highlighted. Optogenetic technology has already generated exciting, preliminary evidence, supporting its role in applications to several neurological diseases, including PNIs.

中文翻译：

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光遗传学的新时代：从中枢到周围神经系统。

最近，光遗传学已成为一种利用光刺激控制细胞活性的生物学技术。许多研究已将光遗传学应用于中枢神经系统的细胞系，因为它具有阐明神经回路，治疗神经系统疾病和促进神经再生的潜力。关于光遗传学在周围神经系统中的应用的研究很少。这篇综述介绍了光遗传学的基本原理和方法，并概述了视蛋白的生理学和机理，以及该技术如何以优异的时空精度双向控制独特细胞系。此外，本文还探讨和讨论了光遗传学发展的治疗潜力及其革新难治性癫痫治疗的能力，抑郁，疼痛和其他神经系统疾病，重点是神经再生，尤其是周围神经系统。此外，本综述综合了有关光遗传学刺激的最新临床前研究，包括对非人类灵长类动物的研究，总结了挑战并强调了未来的观点。还强调了光遗传刺激优化周围神经损伤（PNI）疗法的潜力。光遗传学技术已经产生了令人兴奋的初步证据，支持了其在包括PNI在内的多种神经系统疾病中的应用。包括对非人类灵长类动物的研究，总结了挑战，并强调了未来的观点。还强调了光遗传刺激优化周围神经损伤（PNI）疗法的潜力。光遗传学技术已经产生了令人兴奋的初步证据，支持了其在包括PNI在内的多种神经系统疾病中的应用。包括对非人类灵长类动物的研究，总结了挑战，并强调了未来的观点。还强调了光遗传刺激优化周围神经损伤（PNI）疗法的潜力。光遗传学技术已经产生了令人兴奋的初步证据，支持了其在包括PNI在内的多种神经系统疾病中的应用。