In ecotoxicology and aquatic ecology, we often ignore responses of individuals and focus on average responses. However, both terrestrial and aquatic animals display consistent behavioral differences between individuals. The distribution of behavioral differences within a population contains vital information for predicting population responses to novel environmental challenges. Currently, individual data for behavioral and physiological traits of small marine invertebrates are few, partly because such variation is lost within published group means and assumed normality. We tested the combined effects of an inorganic contaminant (copper) and a biological stressor (i.e., chemical cues of a fish predator) on activity in a marine copepod. Although direct stress effects were weak, individuals behaved consistently differently, depending on the context. Individual differences in behavior were only expressed under the influence of kairomones, but not by copper exposure alone. This finding indicates that copepods express repeatable and context-dependent behavior. We also demonstrate how large variations in behavioral data can hide consistent differences between individuals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1017-1026. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.

中文翻译：

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隐藏的维度：Co足类中可重复行为的上下文相关表达。

在生态毒理学和水生生态学中，我们经常忽略个体的反应，而专注于平均反应。然而，陆生和水生动物在个体之间表现出一致的行为差异。人群中行为差异的分布包含重要信息，可用于预测人群对新型环境挑战的反应。目前，关于小型海洋无脊椎动物的行为和生理特征的个体数据很少，部分原因是这种变化在已公开的群体平均值和假定的正态分布范围内丢失了。我们测试了无机污染物（铜）和生物应激源（即鱼类捕食者的化学线索）对海洋co足类动物活动的综合影响。尽管直接的压力作用微弱，但是根据情况的不同，个体的行为表现也一直不同。行为的个体差异仅在海洛酮的影响下表达，而不能仅通过铜暴露来表达。这一发现表明，pe足类动物表现出可重复且依赖于上下文的行为。我们还证明了行为数据的巨大差异会隐藏个体之间的一致差异。Environ Toxicol Chem 2020; 39：1017-1026。©2020作者。Wiley Periodicals，Inc.代表SETAC发布的《环境毒理学和化学》。©2020作者。Wiley Periodicals，Inc.代表SETAC发布的《环境毒理学和化学》。©2020作者。Wiley Periodicals，Inc.代表SETAC发布的《环境毒理学和化学》。