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Quantum Coupon Collector
arXiv - CS - Emerging Technologies Pub Date : 2020-02-18 , DOI: arxiv-2002.07688
Srinivasan Arunachalam and Aleksandrs Belovs and Andrew M. Childs and Robin Kothari and Ansis Rosmanis and Ronald de Wolf

We study how efficiently a $k$-element set $S\subseteq[n]$ can be learned from a uniform superposition $|S\rangle$ of its elements. One can think of $|S\rangle=\sum_{i\in S}|i\rangle/\sqrt{|S|}$ as the quantum version of a uniformly random sample over $S$, as in the classical analysis of the ``coupon collector problem.'' We show that if $k$ is close to $n$, then we can learn $S$ using asymptotically fewer quantum samples than random samples. In particular, if there are $n-k=O(1)$ missing elements then $O(k)$ copies of $|S\rangle$ suffice, in contrast to the $\Theta(k\log k)$ random samples needed by a classical coupon collector. On the other hand, if $n-k=\Omega(k)$, then $\Omega(k\log k)$ quantum samples are~necessary. More generally, we give tight bounds on the number of quantum samples needed for every $k$ and $n$, and we give efficient quantum learning algorithms. We also give tight bounds in the model where we can additionally reflect through $|S\rangle$. Finally, we relate coupon collection to a known example separating proper and improper PAC learning that turns out to show no separation in the quantum case.

中文翻译:

量子券收集器

我们研究了从其元素的统一叠加 $|S\rangle$ 中学习 $k$-元素集 $S\subseteq[n]$ 的效率。可以将 $|S\rangle=\sum_{i\in S}|i\rangle/\sqrt{|S|}$ 视为 $S$ 上均匀随机样本的量子版本,如经典分析“优惠券收集器问题”的例子。我们表明,如果 $k$ 接近 $n$,那么我们可以使用比随机样本渐近更少的量子样本来学习 $S$。特别是,如果 $nk=O(1)$ 缺少元素,那么 $|S\rangle$ 的 $O(k)$ 副本就足够了,这与需要的 $\Theta(k\log k)$ 随机样本相反由经典优惠券收藏家。另一方面,如果 $nk=\Omega(k)$,则 $\Omega(k\log k)$ 量子样本是必要的。更一般地说,我们对每个 $k$ 和 $n$ 所需的量子样本数量给出了严格的界限,我们给出了高效的量子学习算法。我们还在模型中给出了严格的界限,我们可以通过 $|S\rangle$ 额外反映。最后,我们将优惠券收集与一个已知示例相关联,该示例将正确和不正确的 PAC 学习分开,结果证明在量子情况下没有分离。
更新日期:2020-07-06
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