The transition of the energy system to renewable energy depends on how successfully the national objectives can be implemented at the lower planning levels. Germany pursues an incentive-oriented policy that is not spatially targeted and lets regional and local stakeholders determine where and how renewable energies are used. A core question is how to achieve the national goals, in a federal system that allows freedom of planning for the local communities. The aim of this paper is to show the discrepancies between the current expansion of wind energy and the necessary expansion that is derived from a scientific analysis. The study examined the policy objectives for the expansion of wind energy, based on a literature analysis. In a second step, the regulatory competences and spatial planning at the various levels and their influence on the expansion were explored. In a third step, the current procedure was compared with scientific scenarios of the energy system in 2050 and concretized using the example of the Hannover Region. The theoretical and empirical analysis shows that people at regional level underestimate their responsibility for contributing to energy transition. The expansion targets for wind energy in the Hannover Region projected in the scientific scenario are above the minimum demand that the local authorities have assumed. The same applies to the state of Lower Saxony, which underestimates its own wind energy potential and thus its necessary contribution to achieving the national targets. We propose a nationwide coordinated strategy for the successful implementation of the energy transition. With the methodology described, regional targets can be determined and the responsibility of the region and the local actors can be clarified. With the help of spatial planning and public participation, the energy transition can be achieved with this approach.

中文翻译：

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如何实现气候目标？德国能源转型中的空间规划

能源系统向可再生能源的过渡取决于能否在较低的规划水平上成功实现国家目标。德国奉行的激励政策不是针对空间的，而是让地区和地方利益相关者确定在何处以及如何使用可再生能源。一个核心问题是如何在允许地方社区自由规划的联邦系统中实现国家目标。本文的目的是显示当前风能膨胀与从科学分析得出的必要膨胀之间的差异。该研究基于文献分析，考察了扩大风能的政策目标。第二步 探讨了各级的监管能力和空间规划及其对扩张的影响。第三步，将当前程序与2050年能源系统的科学情景进行比较，并以汉诺威地区为例进行具体化。理论和实证分析表明，地区人民低估了他们为能源转型做出贡献的责任。在科学方案中，汉诺威地区的风能扩展目标超出了当地政府的最低要求。下萨克森州也是如此，该州低估了其自身的风能潜力，因此低估了其对实现国家目标的必要贡献。我们为成功实施能源转型提出了一项全国协调战略。使用所描述的方法，可以确定区域目标，并可以明确区域和当地参与者的责任。在空间规划和公众参与的帮助下，可以通过这种方法实现能源转型。