Genetic information and the blueprint of life are stored in the form of nucleic acids. The primary sequence of DNA, read from the canonical double helix, provides the code for RNA and protein synthesis. Yet these already-information-rich molecules have higher-order structures which play critical roles in transcription and translation. Uncovering the sequences, parameters, and conditions which govern the formation of these structural motifs has allowed researchers to study them and to utilize them in biotechnological and therapeutic applications in vitro and in vivo. This review covers both DNA and RNA structural motifs found naturally in biological systems including catalytic nucleic acids, non-coding RNA, aptamers, G-quadruplexes, i-motifs, and Holliday junctions. For each category, an overview of the structural characteristics, biological prevalence, and function will be discussed. The biotechnological and therapeutic applications of these structural motifs are highlighted. Future perspectives focus on the addition of proteins and unnatural modifications to enhance structural stability for greater applicability.

中文翻译：

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天然核酸结构基序的生物技术和治疗应用。

遗传信息和生命蓝图以核酸形式存储。从规范双螺旋​​中读取的DNA的主要序列提供了RNA和蛋白质合成的代码。然而，这些已经信息丰富的分子具有更高阶的结构，它们在转录和翻译中起着至关重要的作用。发现控制这些结构基序形成的序列，参数和条件，使研究人员能够对其进行研究，并将其用于体外和体内的生物技术和治疗应用。这篇综述涵盖了生物系统中天然发现的DNA和RNA结构基序，包括催化核酸，非编码RNA，适体，G-四链体，i-基序和Holliday连接。对于每个类别，概述其结构特征，生物学患病率和功能将进行讨论。这些结构基序的生物技术和治疗应用突出。未来的观点集中在蛋白质的添加和非天然修饰上，以增强结构稳定性，从而具有更大的适用性。