Soil pollution with toxic elements is a recurrent issue due to environmental disasters, fossil fuel burning, urbanization, and industrialization, which have contributed to soil contamination over the years. Therefore, the remediation of toxic metals in soil is always an important topic since contaminated soil can affect the environment, agricultural safety, and human health. Many remediation methods have been developed; however, it is essential to ensure that they are safe, and also take into account the limitation of each methodology (including high energy input and generation of residues). This scenario has motivated this review, where we explore soil contamination with arsenic, lead, mercury, and chromium and summarize information about the methods employed to remediate each of these toxic elements such as phytoremediation, soil washing, electrokinetic remediation, and nanoparticles besides elucidating some mechanisms involved in the remediation. Considering all the discussed techniques, nowadays, different techniques can be combined together in order to improve the efficiency of remediation besides the new approach of the techniques and the use of one technique for remediating more than one contaminant.

中文翻译：

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从经典方法到纳米材料在土壤修复中的应用：净化有毒金属（类固醇）方法的综合观点。

由于环境灾难，化石燃料燃烧，城市化和工业化，多年来有毒元素对土壤的污染是一个经常发生的问题，这些年来造成了土壤污染。因此，土壤中的有毒金属的修复一直是重要的课题，因为被污染的土壤会影响环境，农业安全和人类健康。已经开发出许多补救方法。但是，必须确保它们的安全，并考虑到每种方法的局限性（包括高能量输入和残留物的产生）。这种情况激发了本次审查的动机，我们在该研究中探索了砷，铅，汞和铬对土壤的污染，并总结了用于补救这些有毒元素（例如植物修复，土壤洗涤，电动修复，以及纳米颗粒，除了阐明了修复涉及的一些机制。考虑到所有讨论的技术，如今，除了新的技术方法和使用一种技术来修复一种以上污染物外，可以将不同的技术组合在一起以提高修复效率。