Large-scale biodiversity changes are measured mainly through the responses of a few taxonomic groups. Much less is known about the trends affecting most invertebrates and other neglected taxa, and it is unclear whether well-studied taxa, such as vertebrates, reflect changes in wider biodiversity. Here, we present and analyse trends in the UK distributions of over 5,000 species of invertebrates, bryophytes and lichens, measured as changes in occupancy. Our results reveal substantial variation in the magnitude, direction and timing of changes over the last 45 years. Just one of the four major groups analysed, terrestrial non-insect invertebrates, exhibits the declining trend reported among vertebrates and butterflies. Both terrestrial insects and the bryophytes and lichens group increased in average occupancy. A striking pattern is found among freshwater species, which have undergone a strong recovery since the mid-1990s after two decades of decline. We show that, while average occupancy among most groups appears to have been stable or increasing, there has been substantial change in the relative commonness and rarity of individual species, indicating considerable turnover in community composition. Additionally, large numbers of species have experienced substantial declines. Our results suggest a more complex pattern of biodiversity change in the United Kingdom than previously reported.

大规模的生物多样性变化主要通过几个分类群的反应来衡量。人们对影响大多数无脊椎动物和其他被忽视的类群的趋势知之甚少，而且尚不清楚经过充分研究的类群（如脊椎动物）是否反映了更广泛的生物多样性的变化。在这里，我们展示并分析了英国超过 5,000 种无脊椎动物、苔藓植物和地衣的分布趋势，以入住率的变化来衡量。我们的结果揭示了过去 45 年中变化的幅度、方向和时间的巨大变化。在所分析的四个主要群体中，陆生非昆虫无脊椎动物中只有一个表现出脊椎动物和蝴蝶报告的下降趋势。陆生昆虫以及苔藓植物和地衣组的平均入住率均有所增加。在淡水物种中发现了一个惊人的模式，在经历了 20 年的衰退之后，自 1990 年代中期以来，这些物种经历了强劲的复苏。我们表明，虽然大多数群体的平均入住率似乎稳定或增加，但个别物种的相对普遍性和稀有性发生了重大变化，表明群落组成有相当大的更替。此外，大量物种经历了大幅下降。我们的结果表明，英国的生物多样性变化模式比以前报道的更为复杂。个别物种的相对普遍性和稀有性发生了重大变化，表明群落组成发生了相当大的变化。此外，大量物种经历了大幅下降。我们的结果表明，英国的生物多样性变化模式比以前报道的更为复杂。个别物种的相对普遍性和稀有性发生了重大变化，表明群落组成发生了相当大的变化。此外，大量物种经历了大幅下降。我们的结果表明，英国的生物多样性变化模式比以前报道的更为复杂。