A coupled ocean–atmosphere–wave model was used to assess the impact of model coupling on the simulations of air–sea fluxes, surface currents, waves, and temperature profile during the passage of a tropical cyclone (TC) Phailin in the Bay of Bengal. Four numerical experiments with different coupling configurations among the atmosphere, ocean, and wave models were carried out to identify differences in simulated atmospheric and oceanic parameters. The simulated track and intensity of Phailin agree well with the observations. The inter-comparison of model experiments with different coupling options highlights the importance of better air–sea fluxes in the coupled model as compared to the uncoupled model towards an improvement in the simulation of TC Phailin. The coupled model configurations overcome the cold bias (up to − 2 °C) in sea surface temperature simulated by the uncoupled ocean model. A higher magnitude of the surface drag coefficient in the uncoupled atmosphere model enhanced the bottom stress (> 2 N m −2 ). As a result of excess momentum transfer to the sea surface, the uncoupled ocean model produced stronger surface currents as compared to the coupled model. The inclusion of the wave model increases the sea surface roughness and, thereby, improves the wind speed and momentum flux at the air–sea interface. The maximum significant wave height in the coupled model was about 2 m lower than the uncoupled wave model. The model experiments demonstrate that the periodic feedback among the atmosphere, ocean, and wave models leads to a better representation of momentum and heat fluxes that improves the prediction of a tropical cyclone.

中文翻译：

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热带气旋通过期间海气通量和海洋特征对海洋-大气-波浪耦合的响应

海洋-大气-波浪耦合模型用于评估模型耦合对孟加拉湾热带气旋 (TC) Phailin 通过期间海气通量、地表洋流、波浪和温度剖面模拟的影响. 在大气、海洋和波浪模型之间进行了四个不同耦合配置的数值实验，以识别模拟的大气和海洋参数的差异。Phailin 的模拟轨迹和强度与观测结果非常吻合。具有不同耦合选项的模型实验的相互比较突出了与非耦合模型相比，耦合模型中更好的海气通量对于改进 TC Phailin 模拟的重要性。耦合模型配置克服了非耦合海洋模型模拟的海面温度的冷偏差（高达 − 2 °C）。非耦合大气模型中较高的表面阻力系数增强了底部应力（> 2 N m -2 ）。由于过度的动量转移到海面，与耦合模型相比，非耦合海洋模型产生了更强的表面流。包含波浪模型​​会增加海面粗糙度，从而改善海气界面的风速和动量通量。耦合模型中的最大有效波高比非耦合波模型低约 2 m。模型实验表明，大气、海洋、