Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (US) has become an important supplementary tool in many clinical applications in children. Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography and intravenous US contrast agents have proved useful in routine clinical practice. Other applications of intracavitary contrast-enhanced US, particularly in children, have not been widely investigated but could serve as a practical and radiation-free problem-solver in several clinical settings. Intracavitary contrast-enhanced US is a real-time imaging modality similar to fluoroscopy with iodinated contrast agent. The US contrast agent solution is administered into physiological or non-physiological body cavities. There is no definitive list of established indications for intracavitary US contrast agent application. However, intracavitary contrast-enhanced US can be used for many clinical applications. It offers excellent real-time spatial resolution and allows for a more accurate delineation of the cavity anatomy, including the internal architecture of complex collections and possible communications within the cavity or with the surrounding structures through fistulous tracts. It can provide valuable information related to the insertion of catheters and tubes, and identify related complications such as confirming the position and patency of a catheter and identifying causes for drainage dysfunction or leakage. Patency of the ureter and biliary ducts can be evaluated, too. US contrast agent solution can be administered orally or a via nasogastric tube, or as an enema to evaluate the gastrointestinal tract. In this review we present potential clinical applications and procedural and dose recommendations regarding intracavitary contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.

中文翻译：

---

儿童腔内造影增强超声：欧洲儿童放射学学会腹部成像工作组对手术建议和临床应用进行回顾。

超声造影（US）已成为儿童许多临床应用中的重要辅助工具。对比增强的排尿尿路造影和静脉内US造影剂已被证明可用于常规临床实践。腔内造影剂增强型US的其他应用，尤其是在儿童中的应用尚未得到广泛研究，但可以在几种临床环境中用作实用且无辐射的问题解决者。腔内造影剂增强型US是一种实时成像模式，类似于使用碘化造影剂的荧光检查。将US造影剂溶液施用到生理或非生理体腔中。没有确定的腔内US造影剂应用指征的确切清单。然而，腔内造影剂增强型US可以用于许多临床应用。它提供了出色的实时空间分辨率，并可以更准确地描绘腔体解剖结构，包括复杂集合的内部结构以及腔体内或通过瘘管与周围结构的可能通讯。它可以提供与插入导管和管子有关的有价值的信息，并确定相关的并发症，例如确定导管的位置和通畅性以及确定引流功能障碍或渗漏的原因。输尿管和胆管的通畅性也可以评估。US造影剂溶液可以口服或通过鼻胃管给药，或作为灌肠来评估胃肠道。