Antibiotics have emerged as an important group of environmental pollutants and attracted global concern due to their persistent influence on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems even at low concentrations and the possibilities of the evolution of antibiotic-resistant superbugs. Their presence has been reported worldwide in almost all environmental matrices such as food chain, soil, underground-surface water, plants, and animals. This suggests that the current water-treatment processes are insufficient for the removal of antibiotic contaminants. Herein, a review of the removal of antibiotic contaminants with different physicochemical properties, such as structure, type, and solubility, from water is presented. To resolve this issue, several methods have been explored for the removal of these water contaminants. The current scenario of the causes and occurrence of antibiotic pollution and the needs, mechanisms and elimination of several antibiotics by adsorption using activated carbon (AC) has been explored in this review. Moreover, the removal efficiency of different activated carbon materials has been evaluated by their rate of degradation and further examined by several isothermal models. In addition, adsorption mechanisms have been described. Furthermore, the future prospects of the activated carbon-based removal of antibiotics by adsorption have been elaborated considering the aspects of research challenges, cost-effectiveness and scaling up.

中文翻译：

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活性炭修复抗生素污染水的技术评估

抗生素已成为一种重要的环境污染物，并且由于它们即使在低浓度下仍对水生和陆地生态系统产生持续影响，并且引起了耐药性超级细菌的进化，因此引起了全球关注。全世界几乎所有环境矩阵都报告了它们的存在，例如食物链，土壤，地下水，植物和动物。这表明当前的水处理工艺不足以去除抗生素污染物。本文中，对从水中去除具有不同理化性质，例如结构，类型和溶解度的抗生素污染物的综述。为了解决这个问题，已经探索了几种去除这些水污染物的方法。在本综述中，探讨了当前抗生素污染的原因和发生情况以及通过活性炭（AC）吸附来去除几种抗生素的需求，机理和消除方法。此外，已通过降解速率评估了不同活性炭材料的去除效率，并通过几种等温模型对其进行了进一步检查。另外，已经描述了吸附机理。此外，考虑到研究挑战，成本效益和规模扩大等方面，已经阐述了通过吸附去除活性炭基抗生素的未来前景。不同活性炭材料的去除效率已通过其降解速率进行了评估，并通过多个等温模型进行了进一步检验。另外，已经描述了吸附机理。此外，考虑到研究挑战，成本效益和规模扩大等方面，已经阐述了通过吸附去除活性炭基抗生素的未来前景。不同活性炭材料的去除效率已通过其降解速率进行了评估，并通过多个等温模型进行了进一步检验。另外，已经描述了吸附机理。此外，考虑到研究挑战，成本效益和规模扩大等方面，已经阐述了通过吸附去除活性炭基抗生素的未来前景。