Particles with a size range of 1-100 nm used in various fields of life sciences are called nanoparticles (NPs). Currently, nanotechnology has a wide range of applications in biomedical research, industries and in almost all types of modern technology. The growing applications of nanotechnology in medicine urge scientists to analyze the impact of NPs on human body tissues and the immune system. Easy surface modifications of the NPs enable the modulation of the immune system either by evading the immune system to prevent allergic reactions or by enhancing the immunogenic response. In this review, we discussed the various possible theories and practical implications reported to date for the applications of nanotechnology in immunostimulation and immunosuppression for favorable immune response, such as vaccine delivery and cancer treatments. In the last part of this paper, we also discussed the biocompatibility and unfavorable immunotoxicity of NPs and methods for lowering their toxicity.

中文翻译：

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用纳米颗粒调节免疫应答并降低其免疫毒性。

在生命科学的各个领域中使用的大小范围为1-100 nm的粒子称为纳米粒子（NPs）。当前，纳米技术在生物医学研究，工业和几乎所有类型的现代技术中都有广泛的应用。纳米技术在医学中的日益增长的应用促使科学家分析NP对人体组织和免疫系统的影响。通过逃避免疫系统以防止过敏反应或增强免疫原性，NP的简单表面修饰就可以调节免疫系统。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了迄今为止报道的纳米技术在免疫刺激和免疫抑制方面的应用的各种可能的理论和实际意义，以促进良好的免疫反应，例如疫苗递送和癌症治疗。