BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent research suggests parental supply of alcohol is associated with more risky drinking and alcohol-related harm among adolescents. However, the overall effect of parental supply across adolescence remains unclear because parental supply of alcohol varies over adolescence. Due to the complexity of longitudinal data, standard analytic methods can be biased. This study examined the effect of parental supply of alcohol on alcohol-related outcomes in early adulthood using robust methods to minimise risk of bias. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal cohort study. SETTING Australia PARTICIPANTS: Cohort of school students (n=1906) recruited in the first year of secondary school (average age 12.9yrs) from Australian schools in 2010-11, interviewed annually for 7 years. MEASUREMENTS The exposure variable was self-reported parental supply of alcohol (including sips/whole drinks) across five years of adolescence (waves 1-5). Outcome variables were self-reported binge drinking, alcohol-related harm, and symptoms of alcohol use disorder, measured in the two waves after the exposure period (waves 6-7). To reduce risk of bias, we used Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation to assess the (counterfactual) effect of parental supply of alcohol in all five waves versus no supply, on alcohol-related outcomes. FINDINGS Parental supply of alcohol across adolescence saw greater risk of binge drinking (RR:1.53; 95% CI:1.27-1.84) and alcohol-related harms (RR:1.44; 95% CI:1.22-1.69) in the year following the exposure period compared with no supply in adolescence. Earlier initiation of parental supply also increased risk of binge drinking (RR:1.10; 95% CI:1.05-1.14), and any alcohol-related harm (RR:1.09; 95% CI:1.05-1.13) for each year earlier parental supply began compared with later (or no) initiation. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents whose parents supply them with alcohol appear to have an increased risk of alcohol-related harm compared with adolescents whose parents do not supply them with alcohol. The risk appears to increase with earlier initiation of supply.

中文翻译：

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父母在整个青春期供应酒精对成年早期酒精相关危害的总体影响——一项前瞻性队列研究

背景和目的 最近的研究表明，父母提供酒精与青少年饮酒风险和与酒精相关的危害有关。然而，父母对整个青春期的酒精供应的总体影响仍不清楚，因为父母对酒精的供应在青春期会有所不同。由于纵向数据的复杂性，标准分析方法可能存在偏差。本研究使用稳健的方法来最小化偏倚风险，研究了父母提供酒精对成年早期酒精相关结果的影响。设计前瞻性纵向队列研究。设置澳大利亚参与者：在 2010-11 年间从澳大利亚学校招收中学第一年（平均年龄 12.9 岁）的学生队列（n=1906），每年接受一次面试，为期 7 年。测量 暴露变量是在 5 年的青春期（第 1-5 波）中自我报告的父母酒精供应量（包括小口/全酒）。结果变量是自我报告的暴饮暴食、酒精相关伤害和酒精使用障碍症状，在暴露期后的两个波次（波次 6-7）中测量。为了降低偏倚风险，我们使用目标最大似然估计来评估所有五个波次中父母提供酒精与不提供酒精对酒精相关结果的（反事实）影响。发现 父母在整个青春期供应酒精后，在暴露后的一年中出现更大的酗酒风险（RR：1.53；95% CI：1.27-1.84）和酒精相关危害（RR：1.44；95% CI：1.22-1.69）与青春期没有供应相比。父母提前一年供应也增加了暴饮暴食的风险（RR：1.10；95% CI：1.05-1.14），以及任何与酒精相关的危害（RR：1.09；95% CI：1.05-1.13）。开始与较晚（或没有）启动相比。结论 与父母不提供酒精的青少年相比，父母为他们提供酒精的青少年似乎具有更高的酒精相关伤害风险。随着供应的提前开始，风险似乎会增加。结论 与父母不提供酒精的青少年相比，父母为他们提供酒精的青少年似乎具有更高的酒精相关伤害风险。随着供应的提前开始，风险似乎会增加。结论 与父母不提供酒精的青少年相比，父母为他们提供酒精的青少年似乎具有更高的酒精相关伤害风险。随着供应的提前开始，风险似乎会增加。