Mistakenly thought to be the consequence of oxygen lack in contracting skeletal muscle we now know that the L-enantiomer of the lactate anion is formed under fully aerobic conditions and is utilized continuously in diverse cells, tissues, organs and at the whole-body level. By shuttling between producer (driver) and consumer (recipient) cells lactate fulfills at least three purposes: 1] a major energy source for mitochondrial respiration; 2] the major gluconeogenic precursor; and 3] a signaling molecule. Working by mass action, cell redox regulation, allosteric binding, and reprogramming of chromatin by lactylation of lysine residues on histones, lactate has major influences in energy substrate partitioning. The physiological range of tissue [lactate] is 0.5–20 mM and the cellular Lactate/Pyruvate ratio (L/P) can range from 10 to >500; these changes during exercise and other stress-strain responses dwarf other metabolic signals in magnitude and span. Hence, lactate dynamics have rapid and major short- and long-term effects on cell redox and other control systems. By inhibiting lipolysis in adipose via HCAR-1, and muscle mitochondrial fatty acid uptake via malonyl-CoA and CPT1, lactate controls energy substrate partitioning. Repeated lactate exposure from regular exercise results in major effects on the expression of regulatory enzymes of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Lactate is the fulcrum of metabolic regulation in vivo.

误认为是收缩骨骼肌中缺氧的结果，我们现在知道，乳酸阴离子的L对映异构体是在完全有氧条件下形成的，并在各种细胞，组织，器官和全身水平上连续使用。通过在生产者（驱动程序）和消费者（接收者）之间穿梭，乳酸可满足至少三个目的：1]线粒体呼吸的主要能源；2]主要的糖原异生前体；3）信号分子。通过质量作用，细胞氧化还原调节，变构结合以及通过组蛋白上赖氨酸残基的乳化作用对染色质进行重编程，乳酸在能量底物分配中具有重要影响。组织[乳酸盐]的生理范围是0.5–20 mM，细胞中的乳酸盐/丙酮酸盐比率（L / P）可以在10到> 500之间。运动过程中的这些变化以及其他压力-应变反应使幅度和跨度的其他代谢信号相形见war。因此，乳酸动力学对细胞氧化还原和其他控制系统具有快速且主要的短期和长期影响。通过抑制经由HCAR-1的脂肪脂解以及通过丙二酰CoA和CPT1的肌肉线粒体脂肪酸摄取，乳酸可控制能量底物的分配。定期运动反复暴露于乳酸会严重影响糖酵解和线粒体呼吸调节酶的表达。乳酸是代谢调节的支点 通过抑制经由HCAR-1的脂肪脂解以及通过丙二酰CoA和CPT1的肌肉线粒体脂肪酸摄取，乳酸可控制能量底物的分配。定期运动反复暴露于乳酸会严重影响糖酵解和线粒体呼吸调节酶的表达。乳酸是代谢调节的支点 通过抑制经由HCAR-1的脂肪脂解以及通过丙二酰CoA和CPT1的肌肉线粒体脂肪酸摄取，乳酸可控制能量底物的分配。定期运动反复暴露于乳酸会严重影响糖酵解和线粒体呼吸调节酶的表达。乳酸是代谢调节的支点体内。