Immunotherapy applications to glioblastoma represent a new treatment frontier. Antigen-targeted immunotherapy approaches hold enormous potential to elicit antigen-specific anti-tumor effects in central nervous system tumors. Still, the paucity of effective antigen targets remains a significant obstacle in safely and effectively treating glioblastoma and other malignant gliomas with relatively low mutation loads. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of and development of immunotherapy to target 1) shared non-mutant antigens 2) shared mutant antigens (neoantigens) derived from cancer-specific mutations 3) personalized neoantigens derived from tumor-specific genetic alterations containing de novo peptide sequences and 4) virus-derived antigens. We also discuss strategies to enhance tumor immunogenicity and neoantigen prediction. Spatial heterogeneity remains a formidable challenge for immunotherapy of glioma; recent advances in targeting multiple antigens and refining the antigen selection pipeline hold great promise to turn the tide against glioma.

胶质母细胞瘤的免疫治疗应用代表了一个新的治疗领域。靶向抗原的免疫疗法在中枢神经系统肿瘤中具有引发抗原特异性抗肿瘤作用的巨大潜力。但是，有效抗原靶标的缺乏仍然是安全有效地治疗具有相对较低突变负荷的胶质母细胞瘤和其他恶性神经胶质瘤的重要障碍。在这篇综述中，我们强调的当前理解和免疫疗法的发展为目标1）共享从含有肿瘤特异性的遗传改变衍生自癌特异性突变3衍生的非突变体抗原2）共享突变抗原（新抗原））个性化的新抗原德新肽序列和4）病毒来源的抗原。我们还讨论了增强肿瘤免疫原性和新抗原预测的策略。空间异质性仍然是胶质瘤免疫治疗的巨大挑战。靶向多种抗原和完善抗原选择管道的最新进展为扭转神经胶质瘤的发展带来了巨大希望。