Lithium-ion battery costs have fallen rapidly, enabling their adaptation for electric vehicle and electricity grid storage applications largely thought impractical a decade ago. However, current costs are still too high to enable low-cost, geographically unrestricted energy storage technologies required for load-shifting storage. Existing industry experience with grid lithium-ion systems gives these batteries an incumbency advantage over other storage technologies. Here, we examine both the performance and manufacturing costs of lithium-ion cells specifically designed for long-duration grid storage applications. We found that by minimizing the balance of cell hardware and using existing, low-cost electrode materials, cells can be manufactured for less than $100/kWh. Although the levelized cost of storage is highly dependent on the use case, an 8-h system cycled almost daily can provide stored electricity at a cost of <$0.10/kWh.

锂离子电池的成本已迅速下降，从而使其能够适应十年前被认为不切实际的电动汽车和电网存储应用。但是，当前成本仍然太高，无法实现负载转移存储所需的低成本，不受地理位置限制的储能技术。网格锂离子系统的现有行业经验使这些电池具有优于其他存储技术的优势。在这里，我们研究了专门为长期电网存储应用而设计的锂离子电池的性能和制造成本。我们发现，通过最大程度地减少电池硬件的平衡并使用现有的低成本电极材料，电池的生产成本可低于$ 100 / kWh。尽管均衡的存储成本在很大程度上取决于用例，