For the Ice Giants, atmospheric entry probes provide critical measurements not attainable via remote observations. Including the 2013-2022 NASA Planetary Decadal Survey, there have been at least five comprehensive atmospheric probe engineering design studies performed in recent years by NASA and ESA. International science definition teams have assessed the science requirements, and each recommended similar measurements and payloads to meet science goals with current instrument technology. The probe system concept has matured and converged on general design parameters that indicate the probe would include a 1-meter class aeroshell and have a mass around 350 to 400-kg. Probe battery sizes vary, depending on the duration of a post-release coast phase, and assumptions about heaters and instrument power needs. The various mission concepts demonstrate the need for advanced power and thermal protection system development. The many completed studies show an Ice Giant mission with an in situ probe is feasible and would be welcomed by the international science community.

中文翻译：

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从最近的冰巨人任务概念研究中对原位探测器设计的回顾

对于冰巨人来说，大气进入探测器提供了远程观测无法实现的关键测量。包括2013-2022年美国宇航局行星十年调查在内，美国宇航局和欧空局近年来至少进行了五项综合大气探测器工程设计研究。国际科学定义团队已经评估了科学要求，每个团队都推荐了类似的测量和有效载荷，以满足当前仪器技术的科学目标。探头系统概念已经成熟并集中在一般设计参数上，这些参数表明探头将包括一个 1 米级的航空外壳，质量约为 350 至 400 公斤。探头电池大小会有所不同，具体取决于释放后滑行阶段的持续时间，以及对加热器和仪器电源需求的假设。各种任务概念表明需要开发先进的电源和热保护系统。许多已完成的研究表明，带有原位探测器的冰巨人任务是可行的，将受到国际科学界的欢迎。