Hypospadias is a congenital malformation resulting from the disruption of normal urethral formation with varying global prevalence. Hypospadias repair, especially that of proximal hypospadias (in which reconstruction of a long urethra is necessary), remains a surgical challenge despite more than two decades of surgical technique development and refinement. The lack of tissue substitutes with mechanical and biological properties similar to those of native urethra is a challenge for which the field of tissue engineering might offer promising solutions. However, the use of tissue-engineered constructs in preclinical studies is still hindered by complications such as strictures or fistulae, which have slowed progression to clinical application. Furthermore, the generation of uniform tubular constructs remains a challenge. Exciting advances in the application of nanotechnology and 3D bioprinting to urethral tissue engineering might present solutions to these issues.

中文翻译：

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组织工程的现状在尿道下裂的管理中。

尿道下裂是先天性畸形，是由于正常尿道形成受到破坏而导致的全球患病率不同。尽管有超过二十年的外科手术技术开发和完善经验，低尿道下裂的修复，尤其是近尿道下裂的修复（其中需要重建长尿道）仍然是外科手术的挑战。具有与天然尿道相似的机械和生物学特性的组织替代品的缺乏是组织工程领域可能提供有希望的解决方案的挑战。但是，组织工程构建体在临床前研究中的使用仍然受到诸如狭窄或瘘管等并发症的阻碍，这些并发症已经延缓了临床应用的进程。此外，均匀管状构造的产生仍然是挑战。