National parks are supposed to protect large-scale ecological processes, along with species and ecosystems. Detailed knowledge about past vegetation and disturbance regimes therefore forms an important basis for appropriate management. In the Bavarian Forest National Park in SE Germany, we therefore studied fossil pollen, spores and macrofossils from lake Rachelsee, a nearby mire, and Stangenfilz mire, all lying at higher elevations. Results indicate that deciduous forest on lower slopes (ca. 500–1,000 m a.s.l.) were first affected by humans in Neolithic times ca. 4500 bc with marked declines of Tilia, Ulmus and Fraxinus. High-montane mixed forests (1,000–1,450 m a.s.l.) were in a near-natural state consisting of Picea, Abies and Fagus in comparable proportions up to ca. 500 bc (a natural baseline condition), after which they were impacted by forest grazing and/or logging, starting between early-Roman times to early-Medieval times depending on location. Abies especially declined markedly. Forest partially recovered during the migration period fifth-eighth century ad, especially Carpinus, but not Abies. Subsequently, deforestation increased at lower elevation for food production, and forest grazing and wood extraction at higher elevation led to a further strong decline of Abies around ad 1000 near Rachelsee. After that, nutrient levels increased continually at all elevations, and a forest fire occurred in the 13th century near Stangenfilz. During the 19th century, forests around Rachelsee recovered partially whereas overgrazing of Stangenfilz resulted in a hiatus. Forests declined further in the 20th century around the study sites, but after ca. ad 1960 less so around Rachelsee thanks to local conservation measures. Historically recorded large-scale bark-beetle infestations following heavy storms, such as in the ad 1870s and 1980s, hardly left traces in the pollen data. From a palaeoecological perspective the Park’s no-intervention management strategy is well-suited to facilitate recovery of original forest functioning and diversity, as it is slowly leading to renewal of natural mixed forest of Abies, Picea and Fagus. This development may have considerable influence on the future disturbance regime, and the insights obtained will be important for the park management.

中文翻译：

---

德国巴伐利亚森林国家公园的植被和扰动历史

国家公园应该与物种和生态系统一起保护大规模的生态过程。因此，对过去的植被和干扰状况的详细了解构成了适当管理的重要基础。因此，在德国东南部的巴伐利亚森林国家公园中，我们研究了雷切尔湖（附近的沼泽）和Stangenfilz沼泽的化石花粉，孢子和大型化石，它们都位于较高的海拔。结果表明，在新石器时代，低坡度的落叶林（大约500-1,000 m asl）首先受到人类的影响。4500 BC与标记下跌椴树，榆树和白蜡。高山区混交林（1,000–1,450 m asl）处于近乎自然的状态，包括云杉，冷杉和Fagus的比例相当，最高可达 公元前500年（自然基准条件），之后它们受到森林放牧和/或伐木的影响，从罗马早期到中世纪早期（取决于位置）开始。冷杉尤其明显下降。森林迁移期间第五十八世纪部分恢复的广告，尤其是鹅，但不冷杉。随后，砍伐森林在增加粮食生产的低海拔和森林造成的进一步大幅下滑海拔较高的放牧和木材提取冷杉周围的广告在Rachelsee附近的1000。此后，所有海拔高度的养分水平持续增加，十三世纪Stangenfilz附近发生森林大火。在19世纪，拉切尔湖（Rachelsee）周围的森林部分恢复，而放牧Stangenfilz导致休耕。在20世纪研究地点附近的森林进一步减少，但是大约在20世纪以后。广告1960年没有那么围绕Rachelsee由于地方保护措施。历史记录的大暴风雨后大规模树皮甲虫感染，例如在广告中1870和1980年代，花粉数据几乎没有痕迹。从古生态学的角度来看，公园的不干预管理策略非常适合促进原始森林功能和多样性的恢复，因为它正在缓慢地导致Abies，Picea和Fagus天然混交林的更新。这种发展可能会对未来的干扰状况产生重大影响，并且获得的见解对于公园管理将非常重要。