Bone is one of the most frequently transplanted tissues. The bone structure and its physiological function and stem cells biology were known to be closely related to each other for many years. Bone is considered a home to the well‐known systems of postnatal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These bone resident MSCs provide a range of growth factors (GF) and cytokines to support cell growth following injury. These GFs include a group of proteins and peptides produced by different cells which are regulators of important cell functions such as division, migration, and differentiation. GF signaling controls the formation and development of the MSCs condensation and plays a critical role in regulating osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and bone/mineral homeostasis. Thus, a combination of both MSCs and GFs receives high expectations in regenerative medicine, particularly in bone repair applications. It is known that the delivery of exogenous GFs to the non‐union bone fracture site remarkably improves healing results. Here we present updated information on bone tissue engineering with a specific focus on GF characteristics and their application in cellular functions and tissue healing. Moreover, the interrelation of GFs with the damaged bone microenvironment and their mechanistic functions are discussed.

中文翻译：

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成骨和骨重塑：专注于生长因子和生物活性肽。

骨是最常移植的组织之一。多年来，人们都知道骨结构及其生理功能和干细胞生物学之间有着密切的联系。骨被认为是出生后的间充质干细胞（MSC）众所周知系统的所在地。这些骨骼驻留的MSC提供了一系列生长因子（GF）和细胞因子来支持损伤后细胞的生长。这些GF包括一组由不同细胞产生的蛋白质和肽，它们是重要细胞功能（例如分裂，迁移和分化）的调节剂。GF信号传导控制MSCs凝结的形成和发展，并在调节成骨，软骨形成和骨/矿物质稳态中起关键作用。因此，MSC和GF的组合在再生医学中获得了很高的期望，特别是在骨修复应用中。众所周知，将外源性GFs输送至非骨骨折部位可显着改善愈合效果。在这里，我们介绍有关骨组织工程的最新信息，特别是关于GF特性及其在细胞功能和组织愈合中的应用。此外，讨论了GFs与受损的骨微环境的相互关系及其机制功能。