The insoluble product generated during bauxite digestion with sodium hydroxide at elevated temperature and pressure is known as ‘bauxite residue’ or ‘red mud.’ Due to its high alkalinity (pH ranges between 11.50 and 13), its storage and disposal become a major issue. It can cause problems such as contamination of groundwater due to alkali seepage, impacting air quality with alkaline dust which has its effect on plant life, and a large area of land required for its disposal. This paper critically reviews the disposal practices and utilization of bauxite residue in India and abroad. It assesses the data of Indian alumina refineries regarding bauxite residue generation and utilization in the year 2017. The application areas of bauxite residue utilization in building and construction and metal recovery by these refineries have been reported. Other areas of red mud utilization can be in vegetation, pollution control and as catalysts. This paper is an effort with the aim to review the contributions of India and other countries of the world to resolving the problems associated with bauxite residue from the twentieth century onward up to the year 2018.

中文翻译：

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赤泥（铝土矿残渣）的处置方法和利用：印度语境和国外的回顾

在高温高压下用氢氧化钠消化铝土矿过程中产生的不溶物称为“铝土矿渣”或“红泥”。由于其高碱度（pH在11.50和13之间），其存储和处置成为一个主要问题。它会引起问题，例如由于碱的渗漏而污染地下水，用碱尘影响空气质量，这会影响植物的寿命，并需要大面积的土地进行处置。本文对印度和国外的铝土矿渣的处置方法和利用进行了严格的审查。它评估了2017年印度氧化铝精炼厂有关铝土矿渣产生和利用的数据。据报道，这些精炼厂将铝土矿渣利用在建筑，建筑和金属回收中的应用领域。赤泥利用的其他领域可以在植被，污染控制和催化剂方面。本文旨在回顾印度和世界其他国家在解决从20世纪开始直至2018年的铝土矿残留物相关问题方面的贡献。