Seawater and brackish water desalination has been a practical approach to mitigating the global fresh water scarcity. Current large-scale desalination installations worldwide can complementarily augment the global fresh water supplies, and their capacities are steadily increasing year-on-year. Despite substantial technological advance, desalination processes are deemed energy-intensive and considerable sources of CO₂ emission, leading to the urgent need for innovative low carbon desalination platforms. This paper provides a comprehensive review on innovations in membrane processes and membrane materials for low carbon desalination. In this paper, working principles, intrinsic attributes, technical challenges, and recent advances in membrane materials of the membrane-based desalination processes, exclusively including commercialised reverse osmosis (RO) and emerging forward osmosis (FO), membrane distillation (MD), electrodialysis (ED), and capacitive deionisation (CDI), are thoroughly analysed to shed light on the prospect of low carbon desalination.

中文翻译：

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通过创新的膜材料和工艺实现低碳脱盐

海水和咸淡水淡化一直是缓解全球淡水短缺的一种实用方法。当前全球范围内的大型海水淡化装置可以补充全球淡水供应，其容量逐年稳定增长。尽管技术上取得了重大进步，但脱盐工艺仍被认为是能源密集型和大量CO _2的来源排放，迫切需要创新的低碳脱盐平台。本文对用于低碳脱盐的膜工艺和膜材料的创新进行了全面综述。本文介绍了基于膜的海水淡化工艺的膜材料的工作原理，内在属性，技术挑战和最新进展，包括商业化的反渗透（RO）和新兴的正渗透（FO），膜蒸馏（MD），电渗析（ED）和电容去离子（CDI）被彻底分析，以揭示低碳脱盐的前景。