The largest alpine–nival vegetation permanent plot site in the Alps, the GLORIA mastersite Schrankogel (Tirol, Austria), provided evidence of warming-driven vegetation changes already 10 years after its establishment in 1994. Another decade later, in 2014, substantial compositional changes with increasing ratios of warmth-demanding to cold-adapted species have been found. The current study deals with species-specific responses involved in an ongoing vegetation transformation across the alpine–nival ecotone on Schrankogel by using presence/absence as well as cover data from permanent plots, situated between 2900 and 3400 masl. The number of occupied plots per species remained constant or even increased during the first decade, whereas disappearance events became more frequent during the second one, especially for cold-adapted specialists (subnival–nival species). Remarkably, the latter was accompanied by continued strong losses in cover of all subnival–nival species. These losses were more frequent in plots with a more thermophilous species composition, suggesting an increasing maladaptation of subnival–nival species to warmer habitat conditions and a successive trailing-edge decline. Several species with a distribution centre at lower elevations (alpine–subnival) markedly increased in cover, comparatively more so in colder plots, indicating a leading-edge expansion. Moreover, our findings show an increase in occupied plots and cover of almost all snowbed species, suggesting that areas previously with a too long snowpack period are now becoming suitable snowbed habitats. Vegetation gaps arising from population dieback of cold-adapted species, however, could only be partly filled by advancing species, indicating that species declines have occurred already before the onset of strong competition pressure.

中文翻译：

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死亡和扩张：高海拔阿尔卑斯山20年来变暖的物种特定反应

GLORIA母校Schrankogel（奥地利蒂罗尔）是阿尔卑斯山上最大的高山-冬季植被永久性积点，提供了由变暖引起的植被变化（1994年成立后已有10年）的证据。再过十年，2014年，成分发生了实质性变化已经发现，对温暖适应的物种与对温暖适应的物种的比例在增加。当前的研究通过使用/不存在以及来自永久性地块（位于2900至3400 massl之间）的覆盖数据，来处理Schrankogel上整个高山-冬季过渡带植被持续转化所涉及的物种特定响应。在第一个十年中，每个物种的居住地数量保持不变甚至增加，而在第二个十年中，失踪事件变得更加频繁，尤其是对于适应寒冷的专家（亚热带到亚热带物种）。值得注意的是，后者伴随着所有亚下至下一个物种的覆盖率持续大幅下降。在具有更嗜热物种组成的地块中，这些损失更为频繁，这表明亚热带—亚热带物种适应气候变暖的栖息地的不良适应率不断增加，而后缘则不断下降。几个分布中心在较低海拔（高山-亚热带）的物种的覆盖率显着增加，而在较冷的地块则相对更大，表明前沿扩展。此外，我们的研究结果表明，几乎所有雪床物种的占用地块和覆盖面积都在增加，这表明以前积雪时间过长的地区现在正成为合适的雪床栖息地。