Although assessing temporal dynamics of populations is crucial for understanding metacommunities, empirical studies have primarily analyzed only static snapshots of communities. Here, we present a holistic view of how species traits and habitat characteristics relate to metacommunity dynamics and use it to test for differences in the spatiotemporal distribution of seasonal bird assemblages. We surveyed forest birds in breeding and winter seasons within 36 islands for 9 years. We then grouped birds into four landbird assemblages, selected on the basis of published differences in biology or ecology: winter residents, migratory winter visitors, breeding summer residents, and migratory summer visitors. We estimated dynamic species colonization and extirpation through the 9-year period, and evaluated the associations among island attributes, species attributes and community composition. Overall, winter and summer residents showed strong associations between composition and habitat structure of the islands. In addition, winter and summer residents on large islands had lower extirpation and turnover than winter and summer visitors. Visitor assemblages showed no significant habitat associations, and in winter had high extirpation rates and small body sizes. By contrast, local extirpation of summer visitors was correlated with local species richness, indicating a likely effect of competition on extirpation. Our results demonstrated repeated patterns among species composition, bird traits, habitat/island characteristics and observed metacommunity dynamics. Winter and summer residents best matched species sorting and patch dynamics, respectively, due to differences in resource availability and requirements of overwinter survival versus breeding. Summer visitors were consistent with species sorting and winter visitors were randomly distributed, likely because of interactions with resident competitors. Our results highlight that coexisting seasonal migrant and resident assemblages differ in their spatial dynamics, with consequences for relevant conservation and management strategies.

中文翻译：

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陆桥岛上季节性鸟类种群的时空分布：将元社区的动态和静态观点联系起来

尽管评估人口的时空动态对于理解超族至关重要，但实证研究主要仅分析了社区的静态快照。在这里，我们提供了物种特征和栖息地特征与超群落动态关系的整体视图，并用它来检验季节性鸟类组合的时空分布差异。我们调查了36个岛屿在9年中繁殖和冬季的森林鸟类。然后，我们将鸟类分为四个陆鸟组合，这些组合是根据已发表的生物学或生态学差异进行选择的：冬季居民，冬季迁徙游客，夏季繁殖的居民和夏季迁徙的游客。我们估算了这9年间动态物种的定殖和灭绝情况，并评估了岛屿属性之间的关联，物种属性和群落组成。总体而言，冬季和夏季居民表现出岛屿的组成和栖息地结构之间的紧密联系。此外，大岛上的冬季和夏季居民的消亡率和周转率比冬季和夏季游客低。访客群体没有显示出明显的栖息地关联，并且在冬季，物种灭绝率高且体型小。相比之下，夏季游客的当地灭绝与当地物种丰富度相关，表明竞争可能对灭绝产生影响。我们的研究结果表明物种组成，鸟类特征，栖息地/岛屿特征以及观察到的超群落动态之间的重复模式。冬季和夏季居民分别最匹配物种分类和斑块动态，由于资源可用性和越冬生存与育种要求的差异。夏季来访者与物种分类一致，冬季来访者是随机分布的，这可能是由于与本地竞争者的相互作用。我们的研究结果突出表明，共存的季节性移民和居民群体在空间动态方面存在差异，从而对相关的保护和管理策略产生了影响。