Facing the challenge of the ecological transition of agriculture, biodiversity opens new avenues to enhance ecological interactions and reduce chemical input dependency. Designing biodiversity-based agrosystems requires an agroecological approach that combines key principles: exploring a wide range of concepts and solutions, adopting systemic reasoning, implementing a site-specific approach, developing an action-oriented process, and maintaining a continuous improvement dynamic. This type of approach has never been developed to harness mycorrhizal fungi, which are key components of soil biodiversity, because their beneficial action on crops depends on complex and underexploited ecological interactions. At present, mycorrhizae are mainly used through industrial inoculants that fit within the productionist paradigm. To shift toward agroecological approaches, we implemented a methodological framework conceived to better address the design of mycorrhiza-friendly cropping systems by sharing knowledge with farmers in four different study areas (Provence, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, and Martinique). This framework includes participative workshops, a board game, and prospective exercises to collect farmers’ proposals and the factors that prevent from implementing mycorrhiza-friendly cropping systems. We showed that 90% of the farmers proposed alternatives to industrial inoculants, 50% of them adopted systemic reasoning by combining these alternative proposals. Most farmers understood that they were all potential “mycorrhizae producers”. We showed, for the first time through on-farm experiments that valorization of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi strains using a donor plant is an effective practice to increase root colonization before planting (up to a frequency of 95% and an intensity of 32%). Considering the increasing supply of mycorrhizal inoculants and despite the uncertainty of related knowledge, we codesigned innovative practices. Learning communities (technical advisors, high school teachers, etc.) assumed responsibility for continuous improvement in knowledge and practices. Finally, beyond the issue of mycorrhizae, we showed that an agroecological approach could bring stakeholders one step further into the design of biodiversity-based agrosystems.

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共同设计基于生物多样性的农业系统促进了菌根接种剂的替代

面对农业生态转型的挑战，生物多样性为加强生态互动和减少对化学物质的依赖开辟了新途径。设计基于生物多样性的农业系统需要一种农业生态方法，该方法必须结合以下关键原则：探索广泛的概念和解决方案，采用系统推理，实施针对特定地点的方法，开发以行动为导向的过程以及保持持续的改进动态。从未开发过这种方法来利用菌根真菌，后者是土壤生物多样性的关键组成部分，因为它们对农作物的有益作用取决于复杂和未充分利用的生态相互作用。目前，菌根主要通过适合生产主义范式的工业孕育剂使用。为了转向农业生态方法，我们实施了一个方法框架，旨在通过与四个不同研究领域（普罗旺斯，法属圭亚那，瓜德罗普岛和马提尼克岛）的农民分享知识，更好地解决菌根友好型种植系统的设计问题。该框架包括参与性讲习班，棋盘游戏和前瞻性练习，以收集农民的建议以及妨碍实施菌根友好型种植系统的因素。我们表明，有90％的农民提出了工业接种剂的替代方案，其中50％的农民通过结合这些替代方案采用了系统推理。大多数农民知道他们都是潜在的“菌根生产者”。我们展示了 通过农场实验首次证明，使用供体植物对本地菌根真菌菌株进行价值化是增加种植前根定植的有效方法（频率高达95％，强度达32％）。考虑到菌根接种剂的供应量增加，尽管相关知识尚不确定，我们对创新做法进行了编码。学习社区（技术顾问，高中教师等）承担着持续改进知识和实践的责任。最后，除了菌根问题之外，我们还表明，一种农业生态方法可以使利益相关者在设计基于生物多样性的农业系统方面更进一步。考虑到菌根接种剂的供应量增加，尽管相关知识尚不确定，我们对创新做法进行了编码。学习社区（技术顾问，高中教师等）承担着持续改进知识和实践的责任。最后，除了菌根问题之外，我们还表明，一种农业生态方法可以使利益相关者在设计基于生物多样性的农业系统方面更进一步。考虑到菌根接种剂的供应量增加，尽管相关知识尚不确定，我们对创新做法进行了编码。学习社区（技术顾问，高中教师等）承担了持续改进知识和实践的责任。最后，除了菌根问题之外，我们还表明，一种农业生态方法可以使利益相关者在设计基于生物多样性的农业系统方面进一步向前迈进。