The “microbiome” is the operative term to refer to a collection of all taxa constituting microbial communities, such as bacteria, archaea, fungi and protists (originally microbiota). The microbiome consists of the indigenous microbial communities and of the host environment that they inhabit. Actually, it has been shown that there is a close relationship between the microbiome and human health and disease condition. Although, initially, the lung was considered sterile, actually, the existence of a healthy lung microbiome is usually accepted. Lung microbiome changes are reported in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and in its exacerbation. Viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory system are a major cause of COPD exacerbations (AECOPD) leading to increased local and systemic inflammation. Detection rates of virus in AECOPD are variable between 25-62% according to the detection method. The study of human airway and lung disease virome is quite recent and still very limited. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on the lung microbiome composition with a special emphasis on virome in COPD and in AECOPD. Some drugs of natural origins active against resistant bacteria and virus are described.

“微生物组”是有效术语，是指构成微生物群落的所有分类单元的集合，例如细菌，古细菌，真菌和原生生物（最初是微生物群）。微生物组由土著微生物群落及其居住的寄主环境组成。实际上，已经表明微生物组与人类健康和疾病状况之间存在密切的关系。尽管起初人们认为肺是无菌的，但实际上，人们通常认为存在健康的肺微生物组。在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）及其恶化中，有肺微生物组变化的报道。呼吸系统的病毒和细菌感染是导致慢性阻塞性肺病加重（AECOPD）的主要原因，导致局部和全身性炎症增加。根据检测方法，AECOPD中病毒的检测率在25-62％之间变化。人类气道和肺部疾病病毒的研究是很新的，但仍然非常有限。这篇综述的目的是总结关于肺微生物组组成的最新发现，特别着重于COPD和AECOPD中的病毒。描述了一些对耐药细菌和病毒具有活性的天然药物。