Phenotypic variation may be genetically determined or reflect phenotypic plasticity. More common plants are expected to be less differentiated between and within regions and more adapted than less common ones. However, such differences might not develop in hybridizing species which cannot evolve completely independently. We collected 311 genets of Carex flava, 215 of C. viridula and 46 of their hybrid C. × subviridula from 42 natural populations in cold temperate Estonia, mild temperate Lowland Switzerland and alpine Highland Switzerland. Three plantlets from each genet were planted to three experimental gardens, one in each region. We measured survival, growth, reproduction and morphological traits. The experimental transplants showed strong plasticity and grew smallest in the alpine garden. The less common C. viridula was slightly more differentiated between regions of origin than the more common C. flava and the hybrid. However, this depended on the experimental garden. Significant origin-by-garden-by-taxon and taxon-by-garden interactions suggest differential adaptation among populations and taxa. Regional differed from non-regional plants in several traits indicating both adaptations and, especially for C. viridula, maladaptations to the home regions. For C. flava, plant seed production was higher when mean annual temperature and precipitation were more similar between population of origin and garden, suggesting local adaptation to climate. Hybrids were intermediate between parental taxa or more similar to one of them, which was retained across gardens. We conclude that plasticity, genetic variation and genotype–environment interactions all contributed to regional differentiation of the closely related species. Hybridization did not completely align evolutionary patterns, and the less common species showed slightly more genetic differentiation between populations and more maladapted traits than the more common one.

中文翻译：

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一个较常见和较不常见的Carex物种杂交对中的遗传分化，表型可塑性和适应性

表型变异可以通过遗传方法确定或反映表型可塑性。较不常见的植物，预计较常见的植物在区域之间和区域内的分化程度较小，适应性更强。但是，这种差异可能不会在无法完全独立进化的杂交物种中发展。我们收集了311个基株苔蔺，215 C.蝽和它们的杂交体46 Ç。×亚 病毒来自冷温带爱沙尼亚，中温带低地瑞士和高山高地瑞士的42个自然种群。每个基因系的三株小植物被种植到三个实验花园中，每个区域一个。我们测量了生存，生长，繁殖和形态特征。实验性移植物表现出较强的可塑性，在高山花园中生长最小。不太常见的C.蝽稍微更原籍区域之间区分不是更常见C.蔺和混合动力。但是，这取决于实验花园。每个花园分类单元之间的显着起源和每个花园分类单元之间的相互作用表明种群和分类单元之间的差异适应。区域性植物与非区域性植物在几个性状上有所不同，表明它们既适应又适应，特别是对于C. viridula。对于C. flava，当原籍人口和花园之间的年平均温度和降水量更相似时，植物种子产量更高，这表明当地对气候的适应。杂种介于亲本类群之间或与它们中的一种相似，被保留在整个花园中。我们得出的结论是，可塑性，遗传变异以及基因型与环境之间的相互作用都促进了紧密相关物种的区域分化。杂交不能完全符合进化模式，与较常见的物种相比，较少见的物种在种群之间具有更多的遗传分化和更多的不良适应性状。