Pressures on freshwater ecosystems are mainly human induced and driven by land use and climate change. We develop an empirical framework to estimate the impacts of land use (agriculture, forest, pasture, urban) and climate change on freshwater biodiversity, measured by a fish-based index, in France. Our estimation results reveal that rivers in areas with more intensive agriculture and steep pasture are associated with lower freshwater biodiversity compared with forest areas. Our simulations show that climate change will exacerbate these negative impacts through land use adaptation. We discuss how two command-and-control policies could help improving freshwater biodiversity and cope with the adverse effects of land use and climate change.

淡水生态系统的压力主要是由土地利用和气候变化引起的人为驱动。我们建立了一个经验框架，以法国为基础，以鱼为基础来评估土地利用（农业，森林，牧场，城市）和气候变化对淡水生物多样性的影响。我们的估算结果表明，与森林地区相比，农业集约化程度较高的牧场和陡峭牧场中的河流淡水生物多样性较低。我们的模拟表明，气候变化将通过土地利用适应加剧这些负面影响。我们将讨论两项命令与控制政策如何帮助改善淡水生物多样性并应对土地利用和气候变化的不利影响。