AIMS Thromboprophylaxis guidelines for patients with concurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) during infections are unclear and not supported by data. We compared 1-year outcomes in patients with infection-related AF and infection without AF. METHODS AND RESULTS By crosslinking Danish nationwide registry data, AF naïve patients admitted with infection (1996-2016) were identified. Those with AF during the infection (infection-related AF) were matched 1:3 according to age, sex, type of infection, and year with patients with infection without AF. Outcomes (AF, thromboembolic events) were assessed by multivariable Cox regression. The study population comprised 30 307 patients with infection-related AF and 90 912 patients with infection without AF [median age 79 years (interquartile range 71-86), 47.6% males in both groups]. The 1-year absolute risk of AF and thromboembolic events were 36.4% and 7.6%, respectively (infection-related AF) and 1.9% and 4.4%, respectively (infection without AF). In the multivariable analyses, infection-related AF was associated with an increased long-term risk of AF and thromboembolic events compared with infection without AF: hazard ratio (HR) 25.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 24.64-27.39 for AF and HR 2.10, 95% CI 1.98-2.22 for thromboembolic events. Further, differences in risks existed across different subtypes of infections. CONCLUSION During the first year after discharge, 36% of patients with infection-related AF had a new hospital contact with AF. Infection-related AF was associated with increased risk of thromboembolic events compared with infection without AF and our results suggest that AF related to infection may merit treatment and follow-up similar to that of AF not related to infection.

中文翻译：

---

感染期间出现房颤的一年结果：一项全国性的登记研究

AIMS 感染期间并发心房颤动 (AF) 患者的血栓预防指南尚不清楚，也没有数据支持。我们比较了感染相关 AF 患者和无 AF 感染患者的 1 年结局。方法和结果 通过交联丹麦全国登记数据，确定了因感染入院的 AF 初治患者（1996-2016）。感染期间发生房颤（感染相关房颤）的患者按年龄、性别、感染类型和年份按 1:3 与未发生房颤的感染患者进行配对。结果（房颤、血栓栓塞事件）通过多变量 Cox 回归进行评估。研究人群包括 30 307 名感染相关 AF 患者和 90 912 名感染无 AF 患者[中位年龄 79 岁（四分位距 71-86），两组均为 47.6% 的男性]。AF 和血栓栓塞事件的 1 年绝对风险分别为 36.4% 和 7.6%（感染相关 AF）和 1.9% 和 4.4%（感染无 AF）。在多变量分析中，与无 AF 感染相比，感染相关 AF 与 AF 和血栓栓塞事件的长期风险增加相关：风险比 (HR) 25.98，AF 和 HR 的 95% 置信区间 (CI) 24.64-27.39 2.10，血栓栓塞事件的 95% CI 1.98-2.22。此外，不同感染亚型之间存在风险差异。结论 在出院后的第一年，36% 的感染相关 AF 患者与 AF 有新的医院接触。