Farmers are often chronically exposed to insecticides, which may present health risks including increased risk of neurobehavioral impairment during adulthood and across aging. Experimental animal studies complement epidemiological studies to help determine the cause-and-effect relationship between chronic adult insecticide exposure and behavioral dysfunction. With the zebrafish model, we examined short and long-term neurobehavioral effects of exposure to either an organochlorine insecticide, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) or an organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF). Adult fish were exposed continuously for either two or 5 weeks (10-30 nM DDT, 0.3-3 μM CPF), with short- and long-term effects assessed at 1-week post-exposure and at 14 months of age respectively. The behavioral test battery included tests of locomotor activity, tap startle, social behavior, anxiety, predator avoidance and learning. Long-term effects on neurochemical indices of cholinergic function were also assessed. Two weeks of DDT exposure had only slight effects on locomotor activity, while a longer five-week exposure led to hypoactivity and increased anxiety-like diving responses and predator avoidance at 1-week post-exposure. When tested at 14 months of age, these fish showed hypoactivity and increased startle responses. Cholinergic function was not found to be significantly altered by DDT. The two-week CPF exposure led to reductions in anxiety-like diving and increases in shoaling responses at the 1-week time point, but these effects did not persist through 14 months of age. Nevertheless, there were persistent decrements in cholinergic presynaptic activity. A five-week CPF exposure led to long-term effects including locomotor hyperactivity and impaired predator avoidance at 14 months of age, although no effects were apparent at the 1-week time point. These studies documented neurobehavioral effects of adult exposure to chronic doses of either organochlorine or organophosphate pesticides that can be characterized in zebrafish. Zebrafish provide a low-cost model that has a variety of advantages for mechanistic studies and may be used to expand our understanding of neurobehavioral toxicity in adulthood, including the potential for such toxicity to influence behavior and development during aging.

中文翻译：

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成人接触杀虫剂会导致斑马鱼持续的行为和神经化学改变。

农民经常长期接触杀虫剂，这可能带来健康风险，包括成年期和老龄化期间神经行为受损的风险增加。动物实验研究是流行病学研究的补充，有助于确定慢性成人杀虫剂暴露与行为障碍之间的因果关系。使用斑马鱼模型，我们检查了暴露于有机氯杀虫剂，二氯二苯基三氯乙烷（DDT）或有机磷杀虫剂毒死rif（CPF）的短期和长期神经行为影响。成鱼鱼连续暴露两周或五周（10-30 nM DDT，0.3-3μMCPF），分别在暴露后1周和14个月大时评估短期和长期影响。行为测试电池包括运动能力测试，惊吓，社交行为，焦虑，掠食者避免和学习。还评估了对胆碱能功能神经化学指标的长期影响。接触DDT两周对运动能力仅有轻微影响，而接触五周时间较长会导致运动不足，并在接触1周后增加焦虑样潜水反应并避免捕食者。在14个月大时进行测试时，这些鱼表现出机能减退和惊吓反应增加。滴滴涕未发现胆碱能功能有明显改变。两周的CPF暴露导致在1周的时间点内焦虑样潜水的减少和浅滩反应的增加，但这些影响并没有持续到14个月大。然而，胆碱能突触前活动持续减少。尽管在1周的时间点没有明显影响，但暴露于五周的CPF会导致长期影响，包括运动过度活跃和14月龄的掠食者回避能力受损。这些研究记录了成年人长期暴露于斑马鱼中可表征的有机氯或有机磷酸盐农药的神经行为影响。斑马鱼提供了一种低成本的模型，该模型在机械研究中具有多种优势，可用于扩展我们对成年期神经行为毒性的理解，包括此类毒性可能影响衰老过程中的行为和发育。这些研究记录了成年人长期暴露于斑马鱼中可表征的有机氯或有机磷酸盐农药的神经行为影响。斑马鱼提供了一种低成本的模型，该模型在机械研究中具有多种优势，可用于扩展我们对成年期神经行为毒性的理解，包括此类毒性可能影响衰老过程中的行为和发育。这些研究记录了成年人长期暴露于斑马鱼中可表征的有机氯或有机磷酸盐农药的神经行为影响。斑马鱼提供了一种低成本的模型，该模型在机械研究中具有多种优势，可用于扩展我们对成年期神经行为毒性的理解，包括此类毒性可能影响衰老过程中的行为和发育。