Classical zoom lenses are based on movements of sub-modules along the optical axis. Generally, a constant image plane position requires at least one nonlinear sub-module movement. This nonlinearity poses a challenge for the mechanical implementation. Tuneable lenses can change their focal length without moving along the optical axis. This offers the possibility of small system lengths. Since the focal range of tuneable lenses with significant aperture diameters is still limited, the use of tuneable optics in zoom lenses is usually restricted to miniaturized applications. To solve the challenge of the nonlinear movement in classical zoom lenses and the limitations of tuneable lenses for macroscopic applications we propose a combination of both concepts. The resulting ‘Hybrid Zoom Lens’ involves linear movements of sub modules as well as changing the focal length of a tuneable lens. The movements of the sub-modules and the focal length tuning of the lens are already determined by the collinear layout of the zoom lens. Therefore, we focus on collinear considerations and develop a method that allows a targeted choice of specific collinear layouts for our ‘Hybrid zoom lenses’. Based on examples and an experimental setup we demonstrate the feasibility of our approach. We apply the proposed method to examples of classical zoom lenses and zoom lenses based exclusively on tuneable lenses. Thereby we are able to show possible advantages of our ‘Hybrid zoom lenses’ over these widespread system types. We demonstrate important collinear considerations for the integration of tuneable lenses into a zoom lens. We show that the combination of classical zoom lens concepts with tuneable lenses offers the possibility to reach smaller system lengths for macroscopic zoom lenses while requiring only a small focal tuning range of the tuneable lens.

中文翻译：

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具有可调镜头和线性镜头移动的变焦系统

经典变焦镜头基于子模块沿光轴的移动。通常，恒定的图像平面位置需要至少一个非线性子模块运动。这种非线性对机械实现提出了挑战。可调镜头可以更改其焦距而无需沿光轴移动。这提供了较小的系统长度的可能性。由于具有较大孔径的可调透镜的焦距范围仍然受到限制，因此在变焦透镜中使用可调光学器件通常仅限于小型化应用。为了解决传统变焦镜头中非线性运动的挑战以及宏观应用中可调节镜头的局限性，我们提出了两种概念的组合。最终的“混合变焦镜头”涉及子模块的线性移动以及改变可调节镜头的焦距。子模块的运动和镜头的焦距调整已经由变焦镜头的共线布局确定。因此，我们专注于共线考虑因素，并开发出一种方法，可以针对“混合变焦镜头”有针对性地选择特定的共线布局。基于示例和实验设置，我们证明了该方法的可行性。我们将提出的方法应用于经典变焦镜头和仅基于可调镜头的变焦镜头的示例。因此，我们能够证明我们的“混合变焦镜头”在这些广泛的系统类型上的可能优势。我们展示了将可调谐镜头集成到变焦镜头中的重要共线注意事项。