Exotic parrots have established breeding populations in southeast Florida, including several species that nest in tree cavities. We aimed to determine the species identity, nest site requirements, relative nest abundance, geographic distribution, and interactions of parrots with native cavity-nesting bird species. We searched Miami-Dade County, Florida, and nearby areas for natural cavities and holes excavated by woodpeckers, recording attributes of potential nest trees. We inspected all cavities with an elevated video inspection system to determine occupancy by parrots or other birds. We mapped nearly 4000 citizen science observations of parrots in our study area corresponding to our study period, and used these to construct range maps, comparing them to our nesting observations. Not all parrots reported or observed in our study area were actively breeding. Some parrots were observed at tree cavities, which previous studies have suggested is evidence of reproduction, but our inspections with an elevated video inspection system suggest they never initiated nesting attempts. Several parrot species did successfully nest in tree cavities, Red-masked Parakeets (Psittacara erythrogenys) and Orange-winged Parrots (Amazona amazonica) being the most common (n = 7 and 6 nests, respectively). These two parrots had similar nesting requirements, but Orange-winged Parrots use nests with larger entrance holes, which they often enlarge. Geographic analysis of nests combined with citizen science data indicate that parrots are limited to developed areas. The most common parrots were less abundant cavity nesters than the native birds which persist in Miami’s urban areas, and far less abundant than the invasive European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Exotic parrots breeding elsewhere in the world have harmed native cavity-nesting birds through interference competition, but competitive interference in southeast Florida is minimized by the urban affinities of parrots in this region. The relative abundance and geographic distribution suggest that these parrots are unlikely to invade adjacent wilderness areas.

中文翻译：

---

在城市树洞中繁殖的异国鹦鹉：筑巢要求，地理分布以及对佛罗里达东南部的洞筑巢鸟类的潜在影响

外来鹦鹉已在佛罗里达州东南部建立了繁殖种群，其中包括在树洞中筑巢的几种物种。我们旨在确定物种身份，巢位要求，相对巢巢数量，地理分布以及鹦鹉与原生巢穴鸟类的相互作用。我们在佛罗里达州迈阿密戴德县及附近地区搜索了啄木鸟开挖的天然洞和洞，记录了潜在巢穴树的属性。我们使用高架视频检查系统检查了所有空腔，以确定鹦鹉或其他鸟类的占用情况。我们在研究区域内绘制了与研究时期相对应的近4000种公民科学鹦鹉观测图，并使用它们构建了距离图，并将其与我们的嵌套观测值进行了比较。在我们的研究区域中，并非所有报道或观察到的鹦鹉都在积极繁殖。在树洞中观察到了一些鹦鹉，以前的研究表明这是繁殖的证据，但是我们用高架视频检查系统进行的检查表明，它们从未开始筑巢的尝试。几种鹦鹉确实成功地在树洞中筑巢，最常见的是红面具鹦鹉（Psittacara erythrogenys）和橙翅鹦鹉（Amazona amazonica）（分别为n = 7和6个巢）。这两只鹦鹉具有类似的筑巢要求，但是橙翅鹦鹉使用的巢穴具有较大的入口孔，它们经常会扩大。对鸟巢的地理分析结合公民科学数据表明，鹦鹉仅限于发达地区。最常见的鹦鹉比在迈阿密市区长存的本地鸟类的巢巢丰富，而远不及入侵的欧洲八哥（Sturnus vulgaris）丰富。在世界其他地方繁殖的异国鹦鹉通过干扰竞争损害了原生巢巢鸟类，但是该地区鹦鹉的城市亲和力使佛罗里达东南部的竞争干扰最小化。相对丰度和地理分布表明，这些鹦鹉不太可能侵入邻近的荒野地区。但由于该地区鹦鹉的城市亲和力，其在佛罗里达州东南部的竞争干扰已最小化。相对丰度和地理分布表明，这些鹦鹉不太可能侵入邻近的荒野地区。但是由于该地区鹦鹉的城市亲和力，其在佛罗里达州东南部的竞争干扰已最小化。相对丰度和地理分布表明，这些鹦鹉不太可能侵入邻近的荒野地区。