This study analyzed the enemy release hypothesis (ERH) assumptions under different climatic conditions in a lowland region and a mountain region in Poland. A common garden experiment was performed in 2010 and 2011 using 3 native (Impatiens noli-tangere, Solidago virgaurea, and Polygonum bistorta), 2 noninvasive alien (Impatiens walleriana and Impatiens balsamina), and 4 invasive alien (Impatiens glandulifera, Impatiens parviflora, Solidago gigantea, and Reynoutria japonica) species. The species were surveyed for leaf damage and invertebrate pest attacks. In all tests, leaf damage and pests were recorded more frequently in the lowland than in the mountains. The differences were particularly evident in the models for Impatiens and in the leaf damage model for Solidago. The distinction was irrelevant for some species (Polygonaceae); however, these results should be interpreted with caution because the taxonomic relations between the studied Polygonaceae were lower than those between the other tested species. Considering all the tests, the assumptions of the ERH hypothesis were confirmed in 6 cases (29%), whereas there was no confirmation in 15 cases, including 7 cases of nonsignificance and 8 cases of the opposite results. Moreover, the overall result of the comparison between the noninvasive and invasive alien species was the opposite of that predicted by the ERH hypothesis; in more than 2/3 of the cases, invasive alien species were released from the enemy less effectively than were noninvasive ones. In conclusion, the assumptions of the ERH hypothesis do not always hold true, and the invasion success of alien species may depend on several factors, including specific local conditions.

中文翻译：

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山地和低地地区对外来植物和本地植物施加的敌人压力可能有所不同

这项研究分析了波兰低地地区和山区在不同气候条件下的敌人释放假设（ERH）假设。（在2010和2011使用3-本地进行的一个常见的花园实验凤仙花NOLI - tangere的，毛果一枝，和蓼bistorta），2的非侵入性的外来（非洲凤仙花和凤仙花）和4外来侵入（凤仙花短柄，小花凤仙花，一枝gigantea和Reynoutria japonica）的物种。调查了该物种的叶子损害和无脊椎动物害虫侵袭。在所有测试中，低地记录的叶害和害虫比山区的记录多。这种差异在凤仙花的模型和Solidago的叶片损伤模型中尤其明显。对于某些物种（虎杖科）而言，这种区分是无关紧要的。但是，应谨慎解释这些结果，因为所研究的Poly科之间的分类关系低于其他被测物种之间的分类关系。考虑所有测试，ERH假设的假设在6例（29％）中得到了证实，而在15例中没有得到证实，包括7例无意义和8例结果相反。此外，非侵入性和侵入性外来物种比较的总体结果与ERH假设所预测的相反。在超过2/3的情况下，入侵性外来物种从敌人释放的效率低于非入侵性物种。总之，ERH假设的假设并不总是成立，