Design practices in regard to passenger hazard exposure in mass transit stations that are directly open to the atmosphere, so-called open stations, are the focus of this study. The benchmarking exercise intends to provide a comprehensive review regarding the application of existing international and national design codes, standards, and guidelines in terms of their ability to mitigate hazards at key points of contact (POC) between passengers and station, such as walking surfaces, stairs, lifts, escalators, and wayfinding, during normal and emergency conditions. By adopting the safety-related risk assessment model, the benchmarking exercise uses national Thai station design practices as a baseline in order to identify applicable national codes, standards, and guidelines, and to conduct a parallel comparative analysis with respect to their international counterparts in order to identify, rank, and evaluate the potential impacts of missing regulations and practices. The analysis shows that a number of station environment-related risks appear along the different paths of egress and at different POC that must be addressed. With the application of Thai national codes, standards, and guidelines alone, the designer is still susceptible to design decisions that do not reduce risk levels. It was also found that more than half of the risks in paths of egress remain undesirable or intolerable after the design, and thus pose a threat of injury to passengers and create growing concerns for operators. Based on the findings of the study, a recommendation can be made for the use of a design handbook for stations by ranking different existing standards in accordance with their importance to the design endeavor, with legal support from involved parties.

中文翻译：

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基于风险的开放式公交车站设计实践中的危险性分析

本研究的重点是直接暴露于大气中的大众运输站（所谓的露天站）中有关旅客危险暴露的设计实践。基准测试旨在就现有国际和国家设计规范，标准和指南在减轻乘客与车站之间的关键接触点（POC）上的危害（如人行道，正常和紧急情况下的楼梯，电梯，自动扶梯和寻路。通过采用与安全相关的风险评估模型，基准测试将以泰国国家台站设计实践为基准，以识别适用的国家法规，标准和准则，并对其国际同行进行平行比较分析，以识别，排序和评估缺少的法规和惯例的潜在影响。分析表明，许多与站台环境相关的风险沿着不同的出口路径出现在必须解决的不同POC上。仅靠泰国国家法规，标准和准则的应用，设计者仍然容易做出不会降低风险水平的设计决策。还发现，在设计之后，出口路径中一半以上的风险仍然是不可取的或无法忍受的，从而对乘客造成威胁，并给运营商带来越来越大的担忧。根据研究结果，