Coastal urbanisation, energy extraction, food production, shipping and transportation have led to the global proliferation of artificial structures within the coastal and marine environments (sensu “ocean sprawl”), with subsequent loss of natural habitats and biodiversity. To mitigate and compensate impacts of ocean sprawl, the practice of eco-engineering of artificial structures has been developed over the past decade. Eco-engineering aims to create sustainable ecosystems that integrate human society with the natural environment for the benefit of both. The science of eco-engineering has grown markedly, yet synthesis of research into a user-friendly and practitioner-focused format is lacking. Feedback from stakeholders has repeatedly stated that a “photo user guide” or “manual” covering the range of eco-engineering options available for artificial structures would be beneficial. However, a detailed and structured “user guide” for eco-engineering in coastal and marine environments is not yet possible; therefore we present an accessible review and catalogue of trialled eco-engineering options and a summary of guidance for a range of different structures tailored for stakeholders and end-users as the first step towards a structured manual. This work can thus serve as a potential template for future eco-engineering guides. Here we provide suggestions for potential eco-engineering designs to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and services of coastal artificial structures with the following structures covered: (1) rock revetment, breakwaters and groynes composed of armour stones or concrete units; (2) vertical and sloping seawalls; (3) over-water structures (i.e., piers) and associated support structures; and (4) tidal river walls.

中文翻译：

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沿海人工建筑生态工程设计目录：针对利益相关者和最终用户的多功能方法

沿海城市化，能源开采，粮食生产，运输和运输导致了沿海和海洋环境中的人工结构在全球范围内扩散（sensu“ ceocean sprawl”），继而丧失了自然栖息地和生物多样性。为了减轻和补偿海洋蔓延的影响，在过去的十年中已经开发了人工结构生态工程的实践。生态工程旨在创建可持续发展的生态系统，使人类社会与自然环境融为一体，从而造福于人类。生态工程学已显着发展，但缺乏将研究综合为用户友好型和以从业者为中心的格式。利益相关者的反馈意见一再表示，涵盖可用于人造结构的生态工程选项范围的“照片用户指南”或“手册”将是有益的。但是，还没有针对沿海和海洋环境的生态工程的详细而结构化的“用户指南”；因此，我们将向您介绍试用的生态工程方案的无障碍审查和目录，以及针对利益相关者和最终用户量身定制的一系列不同结构的指南摘要，这是迈向结构化手册的第一步。因此，这项工作可以作为未来生态工程指南的潜在模板。在这里，我们为潜在的生态工程设计提供了建议，以增强生物多样性和生态系统的功能以及沿海人工结构的服务，其中涉及以下结构：（1）护岸石，由装甲石或混凝土单元组成的防波堤和防波堤；（2）垂直和倾斜的海堤；（3）水上结构（即墩）和相关的支撑结构；（4）潮汐河堤。