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Structure and function of the musculoskeletal ovipositor system of an ichneumonid wasp
BMC Zoology ( IF 1.6 ) Pub Date : 2018-11-12 , DOI: 10.1186/s40850-018-0037-2
Benjamin Eggs , Annette I. Birkhold , Oliver Röhrle , Oliver Betz

Modifications of the ovipositor appear to have played a prominent role in defining the host range of parasitoid hymenopterans, highlighting an important contributing factor in shaping their oviposition strategies, life histories and diversification. Despite many comparative studies on the structure of the hymenopteran terebra, little is known about functional aspects of the musculoskeletal ovipositor system. Therefore, we examined all inherent cuticular elements and muscles of the ovipositor of the ichneumonid wasp Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst, 1829), investigated the mechanics of the ovipositor system and determined its mode of function. We found that the movements of the ichneumonid ovipositor, which consists of the female T9 (9th abdominal tergum), two pairs of valvifers and three pairs of valvulae, are actuated by a set of six paired muscles. The posterior and the anterior 2nd valvifer-2nd valvula muscles flex and extend the terebra from its resting towards an active probing position and back. The dorsal T9-2nd valvifer muscle is modified in V. canescens and forms distinct bundles that, together with the antagonistically acting ventral T9-2nd valvifer muscle, change the relative position of the 2nd valvifer to the female T9. Thereby, they indirectly tilt the 1st valvifer because it is linked with both of them via intervalvifer and tergo-valvifer articulation, respectively. The 1st valvifer acts as a lever arm that transfers movements to the 1st valvula. The posterior T9-2nd valvifer muscle and the small 1st-valvifer-genital membrane muscle stabilize the system during oviposition. From our examination of the elements of the musculoskeletal ovipositor system of ichneumonids, we discussed leverages and muscle forces and developed a functional model of the underlying working mechanisms adding to our understanding of a key feature that has largely determined the evolutionary success of the megadiverse Ichneumonidae with more than 24,000 hitherto described species.

中文翻译:

鱼龙类黄蜂的肌肉骨骼产卵器系统的结构和功能

产卵器的修饰在定义寄生性膜翅目昆虫的寄主范围方面似乎起了重要作用,突显了影响其产卵策略,生活史和多样化的重要因素。尽管对膜翅目蝶的结构进行了许多比较研究,但关于肌肉骨骼排卵器系统功能方面的了解甚少。因此,我们检查了鱼鳞龙黄蜂Venturia canescens(Gravenhorst,1829)的产卵器的所有固有表皮成分和肌肉,研究了产卵器系统的力学并确定了其功能模式。我们发现鱼骨龙产卵器的运动由雌性T9(第9腹部骨),两对valvifers和三对valvulae组成,由一组六对成对的肌肉驱动。第2 valvifer-2 valvula的后部和前部肌肉弯曲并伸展,使其从休息处向主动探测位置并向后伸展。T. 2 valvifer背侧肌肉在V. canescens中进行了修饰,并形成独特的束,与拮抗的腹侧T9-2 valvifer肌肉一起改变了第二valvifer与雌性T9的相对位置。因此,他们间接倾斜了第一瓣,因为它分别通过间隔虫和tergo-valvifer的关节与它们相连。第一瓣膜充当杠杆臂,将运动传递到第一瓣膜。产卵期间,后T9-2 valvifer肌肉和1valvifer-生殖器小膜肌肉使系统稳定。
更新日期:2018-11-12
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