Purpose California is the largest US producer of processing tomatoes, generating 96% of all domestic production and nearly 30% of global supply. Processing tomatoes are mostly processed into diced and paste products. Consumers and actors along their supply chains are increasingly interested in understanding their environmental burdens and identifying opportunities for improvements. This study applies life cycle assessment (LCA) to California diced and paste products over a 10-year timeframe to characterize current impacts and historical trends. Methods The LCA considers a scope from cradle-to-processing facility gate and accords with relevant Product Category Rules as published by the International EPD® System. Extensive primary data were collected for tomato cultivation for the years 2005 and 2015, and from processing facilities for 2005, 2010, and 2015 to understand the effects of evolving practices and technologies. We estimate crop and regional specific nitrous oxide and nitrate leaching emissions using a biogeochemical model, and the USES-LCA model is used to determine potential impacts from pesticide application. A suite of impact assessment categories is included based on the CML method (only global warming potential and freshwater consumption values are in the abstract). Results and discussion The 2015 results of the study indicate that diced tomatoes are responsible for 0.16 kg CO 2 e and 71 L of freshwater per kg, and paste is responsible for 0.83 kg CO 2 e and 328 L of freshwater per kg. The main opportunities for improvement include natural gas use in the greenhouse phase, energy for irrigation pumping and fertilizer type in the cultivation phase, and natural gas and electricity use in the facility processing phase. These hotspots are consistent with studies of processing tomato in other parts of the world. Evaluating trends over time showed that technological improvements in the industry had reduced life cycle impacts; for example, global warming potential decreased by 12% for paste and 26% for diced products between 2005 and 2015. Conclusions Trends over time show increasing efficiency at the cultivation and processing facility stages that have led to reductions in all impact categories evaluated. However, additional opportunities exist beyond efficiency improvements. Fertilizer and pesticide choice are potential opportunities for further reducing impacts. Also, the introduction of renewables in each phase of the supply chain (solar-powered irrigation pumps and onsite solar energy generation for facilities) could reduce the overall supply chain GWP 100 impacts by 9–10%.

中文翻译：

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加利福尼亚加工番茄的生命周期评估：对 10 年（2005-2015）时间范围内不断发展的实践和技术的影响的评估

目的 加利福尼亚州是美国最大的加工番茄生产国，占国内总产量的 96%，占全球供应量的近 30%。加工番茄多被加工成切丁和糊状产品。供应链上的消费者和参与者越来越有兴趣了解他们的环境负担并确定改进机会。本研究将生命周期评估 (LCA) 应用于加利福尼亚 10 年时间范围内的切块和糊状产品，以表征当前的影响和历史趋势。方法 LCA 考虑了从摇篮到加工设施门的范围，并符合国际 EPD® 系统发布的相关产品类别规则。收集了 2005 年和 2015 年番茄种植的大量原始数据，以及 2005 年、2010 年和 和 2015 年，以了解不断发展的实践和技术的影响。我们使用生物地球化学模型估算作物和区域特定的一氧化二氮和硝酸盐浸出排放，并使用 USES-LCA 模型确定农药施用的潜在影响。包括一套基于 CML 方法的影响评估类别（仅抽象全球变暖潜能值和淡水消耗值）。结果与讨论 2015 年的研究结果表明，西红柿丁每千克产生 0.16 千克 CO 2 e 和 71 L 淡水，而番茄酱每千克产生 0.83 kg CO 2 e 和 328 L 淡水。主要改进机会包括温室阶段的天然气使用、灌溉抽水的能源和栽培阶段的肥料类型，设施加工阶段的天然气和电力使用。这些热点与世界其他地区对番茄加工的研究一致。随着时间的推移评估趋势表明，该行业的技术改进减少了生命周期的影响；例如，从 2005 年到 2015 年，糊状产品的全球变暖潜势降低了 12%，切块产品的全球变暖潜势降低了 26%。 结论 随着时间的推移，趋势表明种植和加工设施阶段的效率不断提高，这导致所有评估影响类别的减少。然而，除了提高效率之外，还存在其他机会。肥料和杀虫剂的选择是进一步减少影响的潜在机会。还，