This review covers long-term ecological studies in Central America, South America, and Antarctica that include at least 10 years of data on both terrestrial and marine mammals as well as birds. Specifically, we compiled long-term research on social systems, population ecology, and community ecology. Long-term research is necessary to understand decadal trends and dynamics that would otherwise go unnoticed in short-term studies. This review highlights the impact of ecological conditions as well as territoriality and conflict on social organization and structure, the role that environmental perturbations and climate change have on populations, and how interaction between biotic and abiotic factors influence entire ecological communities. It especially highlights the need for additional long-term studies to assess climate change trends and the ecological changes that will follow.

中文翻译：

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中美洲、南美洲和南极洲鸟类和哺乳动物长期研究的生态价值

这篇综述涵盖了中美洲、南美洲和南极洲的长期生态研究，其中包括至少 10 年关于陆地和海洋哺乳动物以及鸟类的数据。具体而言，我们对社会系统、人口生态学和社区生态学进行了长期研究。长期研究对于了解在短期研究中不会被注意到的十年趋势和动态是必要的。这篇综述强调了生态条件以及领土和冲突对社会组织和结构的影响，环境扰动和气候变化对人口的作用，以及生物和非生物因素之间的相互作用如何影响整个生态群落。