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Adding solar PV to the Saudi power system: what is the cost of intermittency?
Energy Transitions Pub Date : 2017-06-29 , DOI: 10.1007/s41825-017-0002-7
Amro M. Elshurafa , Walid Matar

With 2015 as a reference year, we quantify the costs of solar photovoltaics (PV) intermittency and integration to power utilities in Saudi Arabia. We define intermittency costs as the costs of ramping and maintaining spinning reserves, while integration costs are defined as the costs of intermittency plus the costs of grid upgrades if they were needed. The operational facets of PV integration to grid operators will be more pronounced with higher PV penetration, so to focus on operation, we exclude capital costs. The cost of intermittency, excluding any benefits attained from PV operation, rises to 1.3 ¢/kWh of energy provided by PV at 20 GW of PV deployment. At low levels of penetration, renewables may impose negligible cost or even confer net benefits. However, above a certain level, costs will always outweigh benefits—what we refer to as the ‘Operational Blend Wall’. It was found that the operational blend wall for Saudi Arabia was 11 GW, based on actual fuel costs prevailing in the period of study. The net financial effect of PV integration on operation, considering both costs of benefits, was an increase of 0.04 ¢/kWh and occurs at 20 GW of PV deployment. The maximum capacity of PV addition considered is 20GW, which represents a 25% penetration level within the power system.

中文翻译:

在沙特电力系统中增加太阳能光伏发电:间歇性成本是多少?

以2015年为参考年,我们量化了太阳能光伏(PV)间歇性成本以及与沙特阿拉伯电力公司的整合成本。我们将间歇性成本定义为增加和维护旋转储备的成本,而整合成本则定义为间歇性成本加上必要时的电网升级成本。较高的PV渗透率将使向电网运营商提供PV集成的运营方面更加明显,因此,在专注于运营方面,我们将资本成本排除在外。除20 GW的PV部署外,间歇性成本(不包括从PV运行中获得的任何收益)上升到1.3 kW / kWh。在渗透率较低的情况下,可再生能源的成本可以忽略不计,甚至可以带来净收益。但是,在一定水平以上 成本将永远超过收益,我们称之为“运营融合墙”。根据研究期间的实际燃料成本,发现沙特阿拉伯的运营混合墙为11吉瓦。考虑到两种收益成本,PV集成对运营的净财务影响为每千瓦时增加0.04美分,并且发生在20 GW PV部署时。所考虑的光伏增容的最大容量为20GW,相当于电力系统中25%的渗透率。
更新日期:2017-06-29
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