Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are found to play an important role in various biological processes and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Because of the protective effects, stem cell-derived EVs can be used to reduce oxidative stress and apoptosis in the recipient cells. In addition, EVs/exosomes have been used as directional communication tools between stem cells and parenchymal cells, giving them the ability to serve as biomarkers. Likewise, altered EVs/exosomes can be utilized for drug delivery by loading with proteins, small interfering RNAs, and viral vectors, in particular, because EVs/exosomes are able to cross the blood–brain barrier. In this review article, the properties of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived EVs are discussed. The biogenesis, that is, how EVs originate in the endosomal compartment or from the cell layer of microvesicles, EV composition, the available methods of purification, and characterizations of EVs/exosomes are summarized. In particular, EVs/exosomes derived from iPSCs of different lineage specifications and the applications of these stem cell-derived exosomes in neurological diseases are discussed.

中文翻译：

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人类多能干细胞衍生的细胞外囊泡：特征和应用。

细胞外囊泡（EV），包括外泌体和微泡，被发现在各种生物过程和维持组织稳态中发挥重要作用。由于具有保护作用，干细胞来源的 EV 可用于减少受体细胞的氧化应激和细胞凋亡。此外，EV/外泌体已被用作干细胞和实质细胞之间的定向通讯工具，使它们能够充当生物标志物。同样，改变的EV/外泌体可以通过装载蛋白质、小干扰RNA和病毒载体来用于药物递送，特别是因为EV/外泌体能够穿过血脑屏障。在这篇综述文章中，讨论了人类诱导多能干细胞 (iPSC) 衍生的 EV 的特性。总结了 EVs 的生物发生，即 EVs 如何起源于内体区室或微泡的细胞层、EVs 组成、可用的纯化方法以及 EVs/外泌体的表征。特别讨论了不同谱系规格的 iPSC 衍生的 EV/外泌体以及这些干细胞衍生的外泌体在神经系统疾病中的应用。